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<p>Groundwater plays a vital role in sustaining livelihoods, agriculture, and animal husbandry on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau (QXP). This study investigated groundwater in the Amdo and Nagqu regions of the QXP by integrating hydrochemical and isotopic analyses with water quality and health risk assessments. Hydrochemical characteristics were examined using Piper diagrams, self-organizing maps, and the Gibbs model. Groundwater quality was evaluated through fuzzy comprehensive assessment, the nitrate pollution index, and a health risk model. The results revealed that Ca<sup>2+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> were the dominant cation and anion, respectively, and that the hydrochemical type was predominantly Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> in both regions. Groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by rock weathering, particularly the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope signatures further indicate that groundwater is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation and glacial meltwater. Comparative analyses showed that evaporation is more intense in Nagqu than in Amdo. With respect to water quality, 61.5% of samples from Amdo and 50% from Nagqu met the class I standard for high-quality water, indicating generally better water quality in Amdo. Health risk assessment revealed that infants and young children in both regions face higher non-carcinogenic risks from nitrate contamination than adults. These findings provide a scientific basis for sustainable management and informed governance of groundwater resources in alpine regions.</p>

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Hydrogeochemical Formation Mechanisms and Integrated Assessment of Groundwater in Two High-Altitude Townships on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau: Implications for Sustainable Water Resource Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Linghui Zhang,
  • Zongjun Gao,
  • Hui Tong,
  • Jiutan Liu,
  • Runze Wang,
  • Kexin Lou,
  • Tingting Huang

摘要

Groundwater plays a vital role in sustaining livelihoods, agriculture, and animal husbandry on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau (QXP). This study investigated groundwater in the Amdo and Nagqu regions of the QXP by integrating hydrochemical and isotopic analyses with water quality and health risk assessments. Hydrochemical characteristics were examined using Piper diagrams, self-organizing maps, and the Gibbs model. Groundwater quality was evaluated through fuzzy comprehensive assessment, the nitrate pollution index, and a health risk model. The results revealed that Ca2+ and HCO3− were the dominant cation and anion, respectively, and that the hydrochemical type was predominantly Ca-HCO3 in both regions. Groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by rock weathering, particularly the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope signatures further indicate that groundwater is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation and glacial meltwater. Comparative analyses showed that evaporation is more intense in Nagqu than in Amdo. With respect to water quality, 61.5% of samples from Amdo and 50% from Nagqu met the class I standard for high-quality water, indicating generally better water quality in Amdo. Health risk assessment revealed that infants and young children in both regions face higher non-carcinogenic risks from nitrate contamination than adults. These findings provide a scientific basis for sustainable management and informed governance of groundwater resources in alpine regions.