Effects of Fault Geometry and Attributes on Fluid Flow and Genesis of Unconformity-Related Mineralization with Particular Application to Uranium Deposits in the Athabasca Basin, Canada
摘要
Several types of mineral deposits typically form near an unconformity between a sedimentary basin and underlying basement rocks, and the majority of them are associated with reactivated basement faults. In this study, numerical modeling of fluid flow was conducted for a series of 2D models to focus on how specific geometrical attributes of faults, such as spacing, number, vertical extent, and fault intersections, influence fluid flow. These experiments were conducted for far-field (basin-wide) conditions under both thermal convection and compressive deformation. The new results showed that fluid flow patterns, particularly ingress flow vs. egress flow, are controlled by a combination of different factors under different driving forces. Under a thermal convection driving force, two new factors were recognized to be critical for fluid flow patterns: the difference between footwall and hanging wall thermal conductivities, and the intersection of faults with different dip angles. Under a driving force of compressional deformation at a given bulk shortening, fluid flow patterns are sensitive to fault geometries and attributes. High dip angles, extension of faults from the basement into a basin, and low degrees of compression generally favor egress flow, whereas low dip angles and higher degrees of compression generally favor ingress flow. However, these general trends may change or fluctuate depending on the number, attitude, and spacing of faults. Caution therefore needs to be exercised in determining fluid flow patterns in real geological situations and each situation should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis.