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<p>Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel glutathione-responsive polymeric nanocarrier for targeted doxorubicin delivery. The nanocarrier was prepared via microemulsion copolymerization of diallyl disulfide and a sulfonated viologen-functionalized cavitand, yielding a core–shell architecture with a hydrophobic, disulfide-rich core and a stable, multiply charged surface. The nanocarrier exhibits excellent colloidal stability, with a size 90–100&#xa0;nm (TEM), a hydrodynamic diameter of about 150&#xa0;nm (DLS) and a highly positive zeta potential (+ 40&#xa0;mV). It also show negligible hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity in the absence of drug (&gt; 0.75&#xa0;mg/mL). Doxorubicin is efficiently encapsulated within the hydrophobic core with encapsulation efficiency of 32% and loading capacity of 4.8%. Drug release is selectively triggered under conditions mimicking the intracellular environment of cancer cells (elevated glutathione levels). Notably, the surface-exposed sulfonated viologen moieties significantly enhance cellular uptake in M-HeLa cancer cells, leading to pronounced nuclear disruption and cytotoxic efficacy. This work demonstrates how macrocycle-functionalized GSH-degradable nanoparticles can be engineered for stimuli-responsive drug delivery.</p>

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Sulfonated viologen cavitand nanocarriers enable glutathione-triggered doxorubicin release and enhanced nuclear delivery in cancer cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Albina Y. Ziganshina,
  • Amir A. Shamsutdinov,
  • Andrey A. Maslennikov,
  • Arthur K. Ogorodnikov,
  • Anastasia S. Sapunova,
  • Alexandra D. Voloshina,
  • Irek R. Nizameev,
  • Marsil K. Kadirov,
  • Igor S. Antipin

摘要

Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel glutathione-responsive polymeric nanocarrier for targeted doxorubicin delivery. The nanocarrier was prepared via microemulsion copolymerization of diallyl disulfide and a sulfonated viologen-functionalized cavitand, yielding a core–shell architecture with a hydrophobic, disulfide-rich core and a stable, multiply charged surface. The nanocarrier exhibits excellent colloidal stability, with a size 90–100 nm (TEM), a hydrodynamic diameter of about 150 nm (DLS) and a highly positive zeta potential (+ 40 mV). It also show negligible hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity in the absence of drug (> 0.75 mg/mL). Doxorubicin is efficiently encapsulated within the hydrophobic core with encapsulation efficiency of 32% and loading capacity of 4.8%. Drug release is selectively triggered under conditions mimicking the intracellular environment of cancer cells (elevated glutathione levels). Notably, the surface-exposed sulfonated viologen moieties significantly enhance cellular uptake in M-HeLa cancer cells, leading to pronounced nuclear disruption and cytotoxic efficacy. This work demonstrates how macrocycle-functionalized GSH-degradable nanoparticles can be engineered for stimuli-responsive drug delivery.