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<p>Nickelferrite (NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), a chromium-based metal–organic framework (Cr-MOF), and their composite (NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Cr-MOF) were successfully synthesized. Each synthesized material was evaluated as a photocatalyst to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural and physicochemical properties of each photocatalyst. The optimization of reaction parameters demonstrated that at pH 7.0, a 98% degradation of CIP (20&#xa0;mg/L) was achieved using a catalyst dosage of 0.06&#xa0;g/L under visible light irradiation of 50 W (LED) within 90&#xa0;min, and followed first-order kinetics. The higher photon energy increased the NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Cr-MOF composite's capability to capture visible light, which resulted in improved generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The photocatalytic activity of the&#xa0;composite remained stable over five consecutive cycles, with only a slight reduction (98% to 93%) in efficiency. The photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater under optimized conditions resulted&#xa0;71% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), and a 62% decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) within 90&#xa0;min. Additionally, the oxidation states of organic contaminants increased, as evidenced by the rise in average oxidation state (AOS) from 0.96 to 1.47 and carbon oxidation state (COS) from 0.96 to 3.04 after treatment. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technique was employed to detect and analyze the various intermediate products formed during photocatalytic degradation of CIP, leading to a probable degradation pathway. The antibacterial activity of CIP against <i>Escherichia coli</i> was progressively attenuated during photocatalytic treatment, and negligible inhibition was observed after 90&#xa0;min, confirming effective suppression of residual antibacterial effects. This study presents a novel NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Cr-MOF composite with promising potential for scalable, sustainable treatment of antibiotic-contaminated water systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Engineered NiFe2O4/Cr-MOF Heterostructure for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation and Mineralization of Ciprofloxacin with Antimicrobial Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Zahid Mahmood,
  • Naseem Abbas,
  • Muhammad Bilal,
  • Khalid Javed,
  • M. Rehan HShah Gilani,
  • Syed Ali Raza Naqvi,
  • Syed Kashif Ali,
  • Shahid Iqbal,
  • Sajid Mahmood,
  • Meznah M. Alanazi,
  • Shaimaa A. M. Abdelmohsen

摘要

Nickelferrite (NiFe2O4), a chromium-based metal–organic framework (Cr-MOF), and their composite (NiFe2O4/Cr-MOF) were successfully synthesized. Each synthesized material was evaluated as a photocatalyst to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Various characterization techniques were used to investigate the structural and physicochemical properties of each photocatalyst. The optimization of reaction parameters demonstrated that at pH 7.0, a 98% degradation of CIP (20 mg/L) was achieved using a catalyst dosage of 0.06 g/L under visible light irradiation of 50 W (LED) within 90 min, and followed first-order kinetics. The higher photon energy increased the NiFe2O4/Cr-MOF composite's capability to capture visible light, which resulted in improved generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The photocatalytic activity of the composite remained stable over five consecutive cycles, with only a slight reduction (98% to 93%) in efficiency. The photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater under optimized conditions resulted 71% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), and a 62% decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) within 90 min. Additionally, the oxidation states of organic contaminants increased, as evidenced by the rise in average oxidation state (AOS) from 0.96 to 1.47 and carbon oxidation state (COS) from 0.96 to 3.04 after treatment. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technique was employed to detect and analyze the various intermediate products formed during photocatalytic degradation of CIP, leading to a probable degradation pathway. The antibacterial activity of CIP against Escherichia coli was progressively attenuated during photocatalytic treatment, and negligible inhibition was observed after 90 min, confirming effective suppression of residual antibacterial effects. This study presents a novel NiFe2O4/Cr-MOF composite with promising potential for scalable, sustainable treatment of antibiotic-contaminated water systems.

Graphical Abstract