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<p>Whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles, a crucial biomineral found in bone, have gained significant recognition in bone tissue engineering due to their superior osteogenic potential compared to hydroxyapatite. WH has been shown to inhibit osteoclastic activity, regulate bone-related gene expression, and provide an optimal ion supply for bone regeneration. However, the conventional synthesis of phase-pure WH nanoparticles is technically challenging due to thermodynamic instability and phase heterogeneity. In this study, we developed an ultrafast hydrothermal synthesis method to produce WH nanoparticles within just 10&#xa0;min. The synthesized WH particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles exhibited high crystallinity, a nanoscale morphology, and a controlled elemental composition. Biocompatibility assessments, including MTT and LDH assays, confirmed the non-toxic nature of WH nanoparticles toward mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). Furthermore, osteogenic differentiation studies demonstrated significant upregulation of key osteogenic differentiation markers, like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runx2, and type I collagen (COL1), suggesting enhanced bone-forming potential. This rapid synthesis technique, coupled with WH’s osteogenic properties, highlights its promise as a biomaterial for bone regeneration applications. Future research will focus on optimizing WH-based scaffolds for enhanced osteoinductive capabilities.</p>

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Rapid synthesis of whitlockite nanoparticles for enhanced bone regeneration: an in vitro investigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Palati Sinduja,
  • Vimalraj Selvaraj,
  • Dhanraj Ganapathy,
  • Shahabe Squib Abullais,
  • Sultan Alanazi,
  • Saravanan Sekaran

摘要

Whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles, a crucial biomineral found in bone, have gained significant recognition in bone tissue engineering due to their superior osteogenic potential compared to hydroxyapatite. WH has been shown to inhibit osteoclastic activity, regulate bone-related gene expression, and provide an optimal ion supply for bone regeneration. However, the conventional synthesis of phase-pure WH nanoparticles is technically challenging due to thermodynamic instability and phase heterogeneity. In this study, we developed an ultrafast hydrothermal synthesis method to produce WH nanoparticles within just 10 min. The synthesized WH particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles exhibited high crystallinity, a nanoscale morphology, and a controlled elemental composition. Biocompatibility assessments, including MTT and LDH assays, confirmed the non-toxic nature of WH nanoparticles toward mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). Furthermore, osteogenic differentiation studies demonstrated significant upregulation of key osteogenic differentiation markers, like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runx2, and type I collagen (COL1), suggesting enhanced bone-forming potential. This rapid synthesis technique, coupled with WH’s osteogenic properties, highlights its promise as a biomaterial for bone regeneration applications. Future research will focus on optimizing WH-based scaffolds for enhanced osteoinductive capabilities.