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<p>Effective development of visible light–driven photocatalysts with high structural stability remains a crucial task for the application of wastewater treatment. In the current study, the concept of defect engineering was combined with the use of carbon-based conductive matrix to develop Nd/Ni co-doped LaFeO₃ perovskite with r-GO (NN-LFO/r-GO). The co-doping approach was used to modulate the perovskite lattice, enhance the crystallite sizes, and reduce the optical band gap, and r-GO served as the π-conjugated electron conducting pathway to facilitate charge transfer by blocking charge recombination pathways. Characterization studies done via XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, BET, and UV–Vis DRS confirm the successful synthesis of NN-LFO/r-GO composite along with improved surface area, morphology and enhanced light harvesting ability. The results of PL, EIS and I-V measurements of NN-LFO/r-GO show that it has substantial photocatalytic abilities due to improved charge separation, charge transport and electrical conductivity, making it a superior photocatalyst than LFO and NN-LFO. When exposed to visible light irradiation, NN-LFO/r-GO showed 88.2% ciprofloxacin degradation in 54&#xa0;min, which was much faster than that of pristine LFO and co-doped NN-LFO with rate constants of 0.037&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>. Radicals quenching experiments and calculations confirmed the predominant generation of <sup>•</sup>OH radicals, which was aided by r-GO-assisted <sup>•</sup>O₂⁻ radicals and directional charge transfer. Radical quenching experiments and calculations revealed that the major production of <sup>•</sup>OH radicals was facilitated by r-GO, assisted O radicals and directional charge transfer. The composite showed remarkable recyclability, with only a 2.2% loss in activity after six consecutive cycles, confirming its high durability. Overall, these results illustrate that synergistic co-doping in combination with carbon coupling is a potent and scalable approach to tailor perovskite ferrites for solar-driven degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants.</p>

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Synergistic defect engineering in Nd/Ni Co-doped LaFeO₃/r-GO nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Amira Alazmi

摘要

Effective development of visible light–driven photocatalysts with high structural stability remains a crucial task for the application of wastewater treatment. In the current study, the concept of defect engineering was combined with the use of carbon-based conductive matrix to develop Nd/Ni co-doped LaFeO₃ perovskite with r-GO (NN-LFO/r-GO). The co-doping approach was used to modulate the perovskite lattice, enhance the crystallite sizes, and reduce the optical band gap, and r-GO served as the π-conjugated electron conducting pathway to facilitate charge transfer by blocking charge recombination pathways. Characterization studies done via XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, BET, and UV–Vis DRS confirm the successful synthesis of NN-LFO/r-GO composite along with improved surface area, morphology and enhanced light harvesting ability. The results of PL, EIS and I-V measurements of NN-LFO/r-GO show that it has substantial photocatalytic abilities due to improved charge separation, charge transport and electrical conductivity, making it a superior photocatalyst than LFO and NN-LFO. When exposed to visible light irradiation, NN-LFO/r-GO showed 88.2% ciprofloxacin degradation in 54 min, which was much faster than that of pristine LFO and co-doped NN-LFO with rate constants of 0.037 min⁻1. Radicals quenching experiments and calculations confirmed the predominant generation of •OH radicals, which was aided by r-GO-assisted •O₂⁻ radicals and directional charge transfer. Radical quenching experiments and calculations revealed that the major production of •OH radicals was facilitated by r-GO, assisted O radicals and directional charge transfer. The composite showed remarkable recyclability, with only a 2.2% loss in activity after six consecutive cycles, confirming its high durability. Overall, these results illustrate that synergistic co-doping in combination with carbon coupling is a potent and scalable approach to tailor perovskite ferrites for solar-driven degradation of pharmaceutical contaminants.