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<p>While golf’s growing popularity has led to significant equipment innovations and increased driving distances, testing methods using physical prototypes and human subjects face limitations in repeatability and cost-effectiveness. A validated computer model of the golf swing can be used to test new club designs prior to manufacture, and to gain insights into the biomechanics of the swing. Previous golf swing models have predominantly focused on single-arm dynamics, overlooking the crucial role of the trailing arm and the complex interactions of the closed kinematic chain formed by the two arms gripping the club. In this paper, a new multibody dynamic model is proposed that includes both arms, pelvis translation, a continuous analytical shaft model, clubhead-ball impact dynamics, and ball flight aerodynamics. The closed kinematic chain results in differential-algebraic equations of motion, which are solved within an optimization loop to create “what-if?” predictive simulations of golf swings that optimize the ball trajectory. This integrated approach provides a valuable tool for evaluating equipment design changes and their effects on player performance.</p>

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Predictive dynamic simulation of optimal golf swings by a two-armed golfer model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Spencer Ferguson,
  • Nishad Rajmalwar,
  • John McPhee

摘要

While golf’s growing popularity has led to significant equipment innovations and increased driving distances, testing methods using physical prototypes and human subjects face limitations in repeatability and cost-effectiveness. A validated computer model of the golf swing can be used to test new club designs prior to manufacture, and to gain insights into the biomechanics of the swing. Previous golf swing models have predominantly focused on single-arm dynamics, overlooking the crucial role of the trailing arm and the complex interactions of the closed kinematic chain formed by the two arms gripping the club. In this paper, a new multibody dynamic model is proposed that includes both arms, pelvis translation, a continuous analytical shaft model, clubhead-ball impact dynamics, and ball flight aerodynamics. The closed kinematic chain results in differential-algebraic equations of motion, which are solved within an optimization loop to create “what-if?” predictive simulations of golf swings that optimize the ball trajectory. This integrated approach provides a valuable tool for evaluating equipment design changes and their effects on player performance.