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<p>The creep behavior of water-bearing sandy mudstone is important for evaluating the long-term stability of underground engineering structures. In this paper, triaxial compression and triaxial creep tests were conducted on natural and dry sandy mudstone to examine the effects of water, deviatoric stress, and confining pressure on strength and creep deformation. The results show that water significantly weakens sandy mudstone, reducing its compressive strength, tangent modulus, cohesion, and long-term strength while increasing creep strain and steady-state creep rate. Increasing confining pressure improves the deformation resistance and long-term load-bearing capacity of the rock. Based on the experimental results, an extended Burgers nonlinear creep model was developed by incorporating water-induced damage, viscoplastic deformation, and a nonlinear viscosity coefficient for the accelerated creep stage. The proposed model reproduces the triaxial creep curves well, with coefficients of determination <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0.967</mn> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$R^{2}\geq 0.967$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The model was implemented in numerical simulations through secondary development and validated against the laboratory creep tests, with a maximum error of 13.85%. It was further applied to simulate tunnel deformation, showing that creep deformation is concentrated mainly at the crown, invert, and arch waist, with rapid convergence during the first 100&#xa0;h. These results provide a useful basis for predicting the creep response of water-bearing sandy mudstone and assessing the long-term stability of underground structures in similar soft-rock formations.</p>

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Creep characteristics and nonlinear creep modeling of water-bearing sandy mudstone under triaxial loading conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Jianbo Xu,
  • Minhao Wang,
  • Xuedong Luo,
  • Ping Jiang,
  • Qinghui Sun,
  • Jianjun Song,
  • Bingzhen Yu

摘要

The creep behavior of water-bearing sandy mudstone is important for evaluating the long-term stability of underground engineering structures. In this paper, triaxial compression and triaxial creep tests were conducted on natural and dry sandy mudstone to examine the effects of water, deviatoric stress, and confining pressure on strength and creep deformation. The results show that water significantly weakens sandy mudstone, reducing its compressive strength, tangent modulus, cohesion, and long-term strength while increasing creep strain and steady-state creep rate. Increasing confining pressure improves the deformation resistance and long-term load-bearing capacity of the rock. Based on the experimental results, an extended Burgers nonlinear creep model was developed by incorporating water-induced damage, viscoplastic deformation, and a nonlinear viscosity coefficient for the accelerated creep stage. The proposed model reproduces the triaxial creep curves well, with coefficients of determination R 2 ≥ 0.967 $R^{2}\geq 0.967$ . The model was implemented in numerical simulations through secondary development and validated against the laboratory creep tests, with a maximum error of 13.85%. It was further applied to simulate tunnel deformation, showing that creep deformation is concentrated mainly at the crown, invert, and arch waist, with rapid convergence during the first 100 h. These results provide a useful basis for predicting the creep response of water-bearing sandy mudstone and assessing the long-term stability of underground structures in similar soft-rock formations.