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<p>In southwestern China, limestone is the primary raw material for cement production, and its extraction and processing generate large amounts of limestone powder waste. This powder is commonly used in high embankments and slope engineering projects. A clear understanding of its long-term deformation behavior under self-weight loading is therefore essential for evaluating slope stability. In this study, the creep behavior of limestone powder is investigated using a series of triaxial consolidated undrained creep tests conducted under different confining pressures. This study proposes a novel fractal viscoelastic accelerated creep model (F-VEAP model). The model extends the linear Newtonian viscoelastic formulation to a nonlinear fractal Newtonian viscoelastic framework by introducing a fractal derivative, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta $</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, thereby capturing nonlinear steady-state creep behavior. An exponentially accelerated term derived from damage mechanics is incorporated to represent the accelerated creep stage. Based on model parameter identification, the F-VEAP model is shown to effectively capture the full-stage creep behavior of limestone powder. Results of the parameter sensitivity analysis further indicate that individual model parameters distinctly influence creep behavior and can serve as a useful basis for distinguishing different creep stages. Comparative analyses with the classical Burgers model and the fractional-order derivative-based FFC model demonstrate that the proposed model provides an improved representation of the observed creep behaviour. The proposed framework offers a useful basis for analysing the long-term deformation characteristics of limestone powder and similar fill materials in slope engineering and may provide reference for the deformation assessment of cement-based fill materials; however, its broader applicability still requires further validation.</p>

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Creep behavior and modeling of limestone powder using a fractal derivative and damage mechanics approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Senjie Qian,
  • Feng Ji,
  • Haijun Zheng,
  • Zhenyu Wang,
  • Meng Guan,
  • Zhihua Ji

摘要

In southwestern China, limestone is the primary raw material for cement production, and its extraction and processing generate large amounts of limestone powder waste. This powder is commonly used in high embankments and slope engineering projects. A clear understanding of its long-term deformation behavior under self-weight loading is therefore essential for evaluating slope stability. In this study, the creep behavior of limestone powder is investigated using a series of triaxial consolidated undrained creep tests conducted under different confining pressures. This study proposes a novel fractal viscoelastic accelerated creep model (F-VEAP model). The model extends the linear Newtonian viscoelastic formulation to a nonlinear fractal Newtonian viscoelastic framework by introducing a fractal derivative, β $\beta $ , thereby capturing nonlinear steady-state creep behavior. An exponentially accelerated term derived from damage mechanics is incorporated to represent the accelerated creep stage. Based on model parameter identification, the F-VEAP model is shown to effectively capture the full-stage creep behavior of limestone powder. Results of the parameter sensitivity analysis further indicate that individual model parameters distinctly influence creep behavior and can serve as a useful basis for distinguishing different creep stages. Comparative analyses with the classical Burgers model and the fractional-order derivative-based FFC model demonstrate that the proposed model provides an improved representation of the observed creep behaviour. The proposed framework offers a useful basis for analysing the long-term deformation characteristics of limestone powder and similar fill materials in slope engineering and may provide reference for the deformation assessment of cement-based fill materials; however, its broader applicability still requires further validation.