<p>Effective heat transfer is crucial for engineering applications such as heat exchangers, electronics cooling, and HVAC systems. Moreover, this paper provides an extensive examination of the physical properties of viscoelastic liquids that are emerging in relation to important profiles, considering the copper oxide <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\left ( CuO \right )$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, silver <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\left ( AgO \right )$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and zirconium dioxide <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>r</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\left ( Zr O_{2} \right )$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, immersed in the base fluid ethylene glycol (EG). Viscous dissipation, porosity, and joule heating effects are introduced in the formulation of the problem. The differential equations are dimensionless after the mathematical formulations via a non-similarity conversion. The local non-similarity method transforms non-similar PDEs into ODEs, which are then solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c. Important physical parameters are given in tabular form, such as skin friction and Nusselt values. The temperature distribution has been seen to increase when the viscoelastic parameter (second-grade fluid) increases. It is discovered that the findings converge more quickly and are validated for limited circumstances. Here are some key applications of the present work: industrial cooling systems, polymer processing, chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, heat exchangers, energy systems, cooling of microelectronic devices.</p>

Non-similar analysis of ternary hybrid second-grade MHD nanofluid flow over linearly stretching sheet

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发表日期：

2025年11月24日

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Amara Bibi,
Javeria Nawaz Abbasi

摘要

Effective heat transfer is crucial for engineering applications such as heat exchangers, electronics cooling, and HVAC systems. Moreover, this paper provides an extensive examination of the physical properties of viscoelastic liquids that are emerging in relation to important profiles, considering the copper oxide $(C u O)$ $\left ( CuO \right )$ , silver $(A g O)$ $\left ( AgO \right )$ , and zirconium dioxide $(Z r O_{2})$ $\left ( Zr O_{2} \right )$ , immersed in the base fluid ethylene glycol (EG). Viscous dissipation, porosity, and joule heating effects are introduced in the formulation of the problem. The differential equations are dimensionless after the mathematical formulations via a non-similarity conversion. The local non-similarity method transforms non-similar PDEs into ODEs, which are then solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c. Important physical parameters are given in tabular form, such as skin friction and Nusselt values. The temperature distribution has been seen to increase when the viscoelastic parameter (second-grade fluid) increases. It is discovered that the findings converge more quickly and are validated for limited circumstances. Here are some key applications of the present work: industrial cooling systems, polymer processing, chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, heat exchangers, energy systems, cooling of microelectronic devices.