<p>Highly cross-linked epoxy resins are ubiquitous in high-performance structural applications, particularly when used as matrices for fibre-reinforced composites. The optimisation of composites requires a quantitative and predictive description of the mechanical behaviour of the matrix. To explore master trends in the mechanical response as well as to guide first-order modelling, the complete stress-strain response of six epoxies is characterised under uniaxial compression up to large strain and fracture. A number of characteristic properties are analysed and rationalised mainly through establishing partly physical and partly empirical relationships with the ratio <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11043_2025_9804_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T / T_{g}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of test over glass transition temperature. Among others, an enhanced Eyring-type model is identified for the yield stress and found valid for a wide range of temperatures and strain rates below <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11043_2025_9804_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T_{g}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The yield stress of all six epoxies is related to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11043_2025_9804_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T_{g}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> within 10% error without any other adjustment of parameters. A similar relationship for the modulus with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11043_2025_9804_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T / T_{g}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> also accounts for strain rate. Lastly, the failure stress and strain are found to also correlate to <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11043_2025_9804_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$T / T_{g}$</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in subgroups of resins with similar molecular structure, while the re-hardening modulus does not.</p>

Master trends in the elasto-viscoplastic behaviour of highly cross-linked epoxy resins

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2025年8月1日

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Nathan Klavzer,
Jérémy Chevalier,
Christian Breite,
Xavier P. Morelle,
Yentl Swolfs,
Thomas Pardoen

摘要

Highly cross-linked epoxy resins are ubiquitous in high-performance structural applications, particularly when used as matrices for fibre-reinforced composites. The optimisation of composites requires a quantitative and predictive description of the mechanical behaviour of the matrix. To explore master trends in the mechanical response as well as to guide first-order modelling, the complete stress-strain response of six epoxies is characterised under uniaxial compression up to large strain and fracture. A number of characteristic properties are analysed and rationalised mainly through establishing partly physical and partly empirical relationships with the ratio $T / T_{g}$ $T / T_{g}$ of test over glass transition temperature. Among others, an enhanced Eyring-type model is identified for the yield stress and found valid for a wide range of temperatures and strain rates below $T_{g}$ $T_{g}$ . The yield stress of all six epoxies is related to $T_{g}$ $T_{g}$ within 10% error without any other adjustment of parameters. A similar relationship for the modulus with $T / T_{g}$ $T / T_{g}$ also accounts for strain rate. Lastly, the failure stress and strain are found to also correlate to $T / T_{g}$ $T / T_{g}$ in subgroups of resins with similar molecular structure, while the re-hardening modulus does not.