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<p>This paper presents 3DEMD, a real-time and efficient color image steganography method designed to simultaneously improve embedding capacity and imperceptibility through adaptive parameter control. To enhance security, the secret color image is encrypted prior to embedding using a multi-round permutation–diffusion structure that combines a three-dimensional (3D) Baker chaotic map and XOR-based substitution. In each encryption round, the 3D Baker map permutes pixel positions across RGB components, while the XOR operation provides pixel-level diffusion. Compared to the conventional two-dimensional version, the 3D Baker map offers higher permutation complexity and improved resistance to reverse analysis, while maintaining invertibility under correct control parameters and secret keys. In the embedding stage, secret pixels (three bytes per color pixel) are processed directly in the decimal domain, eliminating bitstream conversion and improving computational efficiency. The cover image, which may be of arbitrary size, is partitioned into pixel groups, and all pixels within each group are adaptively modified to embed secret data. Embedding and extraction are performed in three-dimensional space to align with the RGB structure of color images, thereby enhancing both capacity and processing speed. Experimental results on standard color image datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior embedding capacity, high visual quality, strong imperceptibility, robustness against common image processing attacks, and reduced computational complexity compared with existing approaches, making it suitable for secure and real-time image communication in modern digital environments.</p>

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Real-time, imperceptible, and high-capacity color image steganography using 3D Exploiting Modification Direction (3DEMD) and 3D Baker chaotic mapping

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Mahmoud Abdulshakoor Al-Jburi,
  • Ali Broumandnia

摘要

This paper presents 3DEMD, a real-time and efficient color image steganography method designed to simultaneously improve embedding capacity and imperceptibility through adaptive parameter control. To enhance security, the secret color image is encrypted prior to embedding using a multi-round permutation–diffusion structure that combines a three-dimensional (3D) Baker chaotic map and XOR-based substitution. In each encryption round, the 3D Baker map permutes pixel positions across RGB components, while the XOR operation provides pixel-level diffusion. Compared to the conventional two-dimensional version, the 3D Baker map offers higher permutation complexity and improved resistance to reverse analysis, while maintaining invertibility under correct control parameters and secret keys. In the embedding stage, secret pixels (three bytes per color pixel) are processed directly in the decimal domain, eliminating bitstream conversion and improving computational efficiency. The cover image, which may be of arbitrary size, is partitioned into pixel groups, and all pixels within each group are adaptively modified to embed secret data. Embedding and extraction are performed in three-dimensional space to align with the RGB structure of color images, thereby enhancing both capacity and processing speed. Experimental results on standard color image datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior embedding capacity, high visual quality, strong imperceptibility, robustness against common image processing attacks, and reduced computational complexity compared with existing approaches, making it suitable for secure and real-time image communication in modern digital environments.