Lithium-ion battery progress in surface transportation: status, challenges, and future directions

The rising demand for electric vehicles is attributed to the presence of improved and easy-to-manage and handle different energy storage solutions. Surface transportation relies heavily on a robust battery pack, which must possess specific attributes, such as high energy and power density, durability, adaptability to electrochemical behavior, and the ability to withstand changes in environmental and operational conditions. Battery management in electric vehicles is of supreme importance, and the paper examines the obstacles and remedies associated with lithium-ion batteries, such as voltage and current monitoring, charge and discharge estimation, safety mechanisms, equalization, thermal management, data acquisition, and storage. The article also addresses the issues and challenges related to battery technology in surface transportation, emphasizing the need for further focus to achieve the most efficient and durable battery systems across various classes of electric vehicles. Finally, it explores future recommendations that require additional research to enhance the adoption of lithium-ion battery technology in surface transportation.