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<p><i>Motor skills</i> (related to the motor nerve) and <i>neurocognitive</i> disorders affect humans’ typing ability to an extent that is noticeable while using a keyboard, smartphone, or other electronic gadgets. These two medical conditions are Parkinson’s disease (PD), caused by malfunctions of the motor nerve, and <i>neurocognitive</i> disorder, caused by a deficiency of organismic responses to stimuli. A mild symptom of PD, change in <i>fine motor skills</i> during typing, is reflected heavily in keystroke patterns during the early stages. Similarly, Emotional stress (ES) expresses a <i>neurocognitive</i> disorder that affects <i>cognitive abilities</i> as well. Early symptoms of this disorder are reflected in the keystroke patterns according to their severity. As there is no such pathological examination, it is challenging to perceive and measure the development of such disorders already developed in human behaviour as a disease. Furthermore, early screening of these diseases is essential for future diagnosis and preventing fatal consequences, since both are progressive illnesses. A modest attempt is made here to detect two such neurodegenerative disorders in humans using the way they type, formally known as Keystroke dynamics (KD). In this study, a bootstrapped-based homogeneous ensemble classification method has been proposed to address the uncertain performance and uneven distribution of classes for the detection of such medical conditions using users’ typing tendencies. For this purpose, two recent benchmark datasets were used for the validation and confirmation of operational improvements of the proposed method, which have been validated qualitatively and quantitatively. As a result, sensitivity/specificity of 0.82/0.78 in detecting PD and 0.98/0.98 in ES have been achieved, which is robust and accurate in a more realistic evaluation. The proposed framework explores the possibilities of implementing it in web-based systems, which has significant benefits. A better diagnosis, early detection at home, future reference, and treatment management could be reached through it.</p>

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A novel approach to identify parkinson’s disease and other similar neural stress by analysing keystrokes on modern active devices with ensemble classification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月31日

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  • Soumen Roy,
  • Utpal Roy,
  • Devadatta Sinha,
  • Rajat Kumar Pal

摘要

Motor skills (related to the motor nerve) and neurocognitive disorders affect humans’ typing ability to an extent that is noticeable while using a keyboard, smartphone, or other electronic gadgets. These two medical conditions are Parkinson’s disease (PD), caused by malfunctions of the motor nerve, and neurocognitive disorder, caused by a deficiency of organismic responses to stimuli. A mild symptom of PD, change in fine motor skills during typing, is reflected heavily in keystroke patterns during the early stages. Similarly, Emotional stress (ES) expresses a neurocognitive disorder that affects cognitive abilities as well. Early symptoms of this disorder are reflected in the keystroke patterns according to their severity. As there is no such pathological examination, it is challenging to perceive and measure the development of such disorders already developed in human behaviour as a disease. Furthermore, early screening of these diseases is essential for future diagnosis and preventing fatal consequences, since both are progressive illnesses. A modest attempt is made here to detect two such neurodegenerative disorders in humans using the way they type, formally known as Keystroke dynamics (KD). In this study, a bootstrapped-based homogeneous ensemble classification method has been proposed to address the uncertain performance and uneven distribution of classes for the detection of such medical conditions using users’ typing tendencies. For this purpose, two recent benchmark datasets were used for the validation and confirmation of operational improvements of the proposed method, which have been validated qualitatively and quantitatively. As a result, sensitivity/specificity of 0.82/0.78 in detecting PD and 0.98/0.98 in ES have been achieved, which is robust and accurate in a more realistic evaluation. The proposed framework explores the possibilities of implementing it in web-based systems, which has significant benefits. A better diagnosis, early detection at home, future reference, and treatment management could be reached through it.