A survey on the mechanical properties of bone

The cellular component and an extracellular matrix make up the bone. Osteoblasts, bone- lining cells, osteocytes, and osteomacs that are dormant osteoblasts trapped in the extracellular matrix, make up the cellular component. An organic and a mineral phase combine to produce the matrix, which is responsible for the mechanical strength of the bone tissue. There is also a liquid component. As a result, bone has been identified as a natural composite material. “Bone is composed of roughly 60% mineral, 10% water, and 30% collagenous matrix by weight”. An increasing number of skeletal fractures are a major problem for aging populations. Given that cortical bone bears a significant portion of the physiological loading in the lower limbs, it would be ideal to comprehend the scale effects and structure–mechanical property correlations in this tissue. The quality of all these elements and their interactions play a crucial role in shaping bone's mechanical behavior. This work presents a review on 55 research works collected from the year 2008 to 2021. The basic mechanical features and behaviour of bone are discussed in this study. The "cortical bone, trabecular bone, and whole bones" are also discussed in this work along with numerous elements of material behaviour, such as flexibility, yields, fractures, tiredness, and damage. In addition, the roles of bone quantity (e.g., density, porosity) in each of the works have been analyzed. The analysis of best performance of the porosity value of the model is 44.22%, 30.34%, and 3.23% higher as compared to the other existing methods. Moreover, the research gaps and challenges of this work are addressed to enlighten future researchers.