<p>This study examines the effect of diamond burnishing on the fatigue resistance and fracture mechanisms of drill pipes made of 2024 and 1953T1 aluminum alloys. Microstructural analysis, microhardness measurements, high-cycle fatigue testing, and fractographic examination were performed on specimens in the as-received and burnished conditions. Diamond burnishing increased the endurance limit of 1953T1 and 2024 alloys by 25% and 59%, respectively, due to surface hardening. After burnishing, the microhardness increased markedly from the pipe wall center to the surface, ranging from 150 – 156 <i>HV</i> and 166 – 172 <i>HV</i> in the center to 191 – 206 <i>HV</i> and 187 – 194 <i>HV</i> at the surface for 2024 and 1953T1 alloys, respectively. The surface hardening effect was significantly greater in naturally aged 2024 alloy than in artificially aged 1953T1 alloy.</p>