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Background <p><i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> (pinworm) is a globally distributed intestinal nematode that primarily infects children. Despite its high prevalence, information on the molecular diversity of human-derived <i>E. vermicularis</i> populations remains limited, particularly in geographically diverse regions such as Türkiye. This study aimed to characterize genotype and haplotype diversity based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene in <i>E. vermicularis</i> egg isolates collected from humans in different regions of Türkiye.</p> Methods <p>A total of 71 microscopy-positive samples were analyzed by nested PCR, and 40 COI amplicons (397 bp) yielded high-quality sequences for further evaluation. Sequence analysis revealed 16 distinct haplotypes defined by 20 polymorphic sites. Overall haplotype diversity was high (Hd = 0.871), whereas nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00714).</p> Results <p>Among the regional populations, the highest haplotype diversity was observed in Kars (Hd = 0.895), while the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in Balıkesir/Edremit (π = 0.00927). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Türkiye haplotypes belonged to Genotype B and formed three subclusters together with previously reported human-derived reference sequences from Europe and the Middle East. Seven haplotypes showed no 100% match in GenBank and were therefore considered novel, whereas the remaining haplotypes were identical to genotype B sequences previously reported from Greece, Bulgaria, Iran, Iraq, and Türkiye.</p> Conclusions <p>To our knowledge, this study presents the first COI-based haplotype dataset of <i>E. vermicularis</i> egg isolates from multiple regions of Türkiye and demonstrates substantial intraspecific genetic diversity despite the predominance of a single mitochondrial genotype. These findings expand current knowledge of the genetic structure of human-derived <i>E. vermicularis</i> in Türkiye and provide a basis for future large-scale molecular epidemiological studies. Further studies including larger sample sizes and additional genetic markers are needed.</p>

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Regional genetic diversity and COI haplotype characterization of human-derived Enterobius vermicularis ısolates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Hilal Bedir,
  • Nurullah Çiftçi,
  • Murat Öztürk,
  • Ayşegül Önk,
  • Masma Shahbazova,
  • İlkay Bahçeci,
  • Emine Baran Deniz,
  • Neriman Mor,
  • Mehmet Ezer,
  • Uğur Arslan,
  • Salih Maçin,
  • Fatih Şaban Beriş,
  • Muhammet Mustafa Akıner,
  • Hülya Çakmur,
  • Mükremin Özkan Arslan

摘要

Background

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is a globally distributed intestinal nematode that primarily infects children. Despite its high prevalence, information on the molecular diversity of human-derived E. vermicularis populations remains limited, particularly in geographically diverse regions such as Türkiye. This study aimed to characterize genotype and haplotype diversity based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene in E. vermicularis egg isolates collected from humans in different regions of Türkiye.

Methods

A total of 71 microscopy-positive samples were analyzed by nested PCR, and 40 COI amplicons (397 bp) yielded high-quality sequences for further evaluation. Sequence analysis revealed 16 distinct haplotypes defined by 20 polymorphic sites. Overall haplotype diversity was high (Hd = 0.871), whereas nucleotide diversity was low (π = 0.00714).

Results

Among the regional populations, the highest haplotype diversity was observed in Kars (Hd = 0.895), while the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in Balıkesir/Edremit (π = 0.00927). Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all Türkiye haplotypes belonged to Genotype B and formed three subclusters together with previously reported human-derived reference sequences from Europe and the Middle East. Seven haplotypes showed no 100% match in GenBank and were therefore considered novel, whereas the remaining haplotypes were identical to genotype B sequences previously reported from Greece, Bulgaria, Iran, Iraq, and Türkiye.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this study presents the first COI-based haplotype dataset of E. vermicularis egg isolates from multiple regions of Türkiye and demonstrates substantial intraspecific genetic diversity despite the predominance of a single mitochondrial genotype. These findings expand current knowledge of the genetic structure of human-derived E. vermicularis in Türkiye and provide a basis for future large-scale molecular epidemiological studies. Further studies including larger sample sizes and additional genetic markers are needed.