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Background <p><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> evolved as a critical pathogen of global concern due to its persistence and pathogenicity. To elucidate the underlying resistance mechanism, the role of efflux pumps and biofilm-associated genes was investigated. Furthermore, the genes that serve as potential targets or biomarkers were identified, offering valuable insights for the development of novel antimicrobial agents and optimization of antibiotic-based therapies.</p> Materials and methods <p>Nineteen <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates were analysed for antibiotic resistance, efflux pump functionality, and biofilm formation. The ABS2 isolate underwent whole-genome sequencing (GenBank: JBJJNX000000000.1) to characterize resistance and virulence determinants, including the oxidative stress repair gene <i>yajL</i>, using the FunRich enrichment tool.</p> Results <p>All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, showing 100% resistance to ceftazidime and imipenem, with functional efflux pumps detected in every isolate using cartwheel method. Biofilm formation, assessed by the tissue culture plate method, was observed in 89% of isolates. PCR analysis revealed high prevalence of resistance genes <i>bla</i> <sub><i>OXA-51</i></sub> (100%), <i>Intl-1</i> (79%) and <i>Intl-2</i> (15%). Efflux pump genes <i>adeA</i> (89%), <i>adeB</i> (100%), and <i>adeC</i> (63%) were present, while biofilm-associated genes <i>cusE</i>, <i>ompA</i>, <i>pgaA</i>, and <i>abaI</i> were also detected. Whole-genome and enrichment analyses of ABS2 revealed a diverse resistome and virulome contributing to oxidative stress resistance and immune evasion.</p> Conclusion <p>The study highlights the high prevalence of biofilm formation and efflux pump-mediated resistance among <i>A. baumannii</i> isolates. Genomic insights into the ABS2 isolate emphasize its adaptability to hostile environments and potential to cause persistent infections, underscoring the global health threat posed by multidrug-resistant, biofilm-forming <i>A. baumannii</i>.</p>

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Genomic and phenotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii focusing on efflux pump activity and biofilm-associated genes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Sivaranjani Gowrinathan,
  • Gayathri Gururajan,
  • Kathireshan A. Kaliyaperumal,
  • Senthil Renganathan

摘要

Background

Acinetobacter baumannii evolved as a critical pathogen of global concern due to its persistence and pathogenicity. To elucidate the underlying resistance mechanism, the role of efflux pumps and biofilm-associated genes was investigated. Furthermore, the genes that serve as potential targets or biomarkers were identified, offering valuable insights for the development of novel antimicrobial agents and optimization of antibiotic-based therapies.

Materials and methods

Nineteen A. baumannii isolates were analysed for antibiotic resistance, efflux pump functionality, and biofilm formation. The ABS2 isolate underwent whole-genome sequencing (GenBank: JBJJNX000000000.1) to characterize resistance and virulence determinants, including the oxidative stress repair gene yajL, using the FunRich enrichment tool.

Results

All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, showing 100% resistance to ceftazidime and imipenem, with functional efflux pumps detected in every isolate using cartwheel method. Biofilm formation, assessed by the tissue culture plate method, was observed in 89% of isolates. PCR analysis revealed high prevalence of resistance genes bla OXA-51 (100%), Intl-1 (79%) and Intl-2 (15%). Efflux pump genes adeA (89%), adeB (100%), and adeC (63%) were present, while biofilm-associated genes cusE, ompA, pgaA, and abaI were also detected. Whole-genome and enrichment analyses of ABS2 revealed a diverse resistome and virulome contributing to oxidative stress resistance and immune evasion.

Conclusion

The study highlights the high prevalence of biofilm formation and efflux pump-mediated resistance among A. baumannii isolates. Genomic insights into the ABS2 isolate emphasize its adaptability to hostile environments and potential to cause persistent infections, underscoring the global health threat posed by multidrug-resistant, biofilm-forming A. baumannii.