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Background <p>Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) play pivotal roles in plant perception of and responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite their significant biological importance, comprehensive characterization of the <i>SAP</i> gene family in the invasive weed <i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> S. Watson remains limited.</p> Methods and results <p>Through genome-wide analysis, this study identified 12 <i>SAP</i> genes, designated <i>ApSAP1</i>–<i>ApSAP12</i>. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into four distinct groups. Promoter sequence analysis revealed a high abundance of <i>cis</i>-acting elements associated with abiotic stress responses and plant hormone signaling, with particularly enriched elements related to abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). This finding suggested that <i>ApSAP</i> genes may participate in hormone-mediated regulatory processes involved in environmental stress adaptation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) expression profiling revealed that <i>ApSAP3</i> and <i>ApSAP8</i> exhibited strong induction under multiple abiotic stress conditions, including salt stress, osmotic stress, hormone treatments, and glufosinate ammonium treatment. Furthermore, subcellular localization experiments demonstrated that ApSAP8 predominantly accumulated in chloroplasts.</p> Conclusions <p>This study systematically characterizes the genomic structure, stress-related expression patterns, and subcellular localization of the <i>SAP</i> gene family in <i>A. palmeri</i>. These findings establish a molecular foundation for future investigations into SAP-mediated abiotic stress response mechanisms in invasive weeds.</p>

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Genome-wide identification and characterization of the stress-associated proteins (SAPs) gene family in Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Binbin Liu,
  • Youning Wang,
  • Lu Cai,
  • Zhouxingyu Wang,
  • Fulian Wang,
  • Wang Chen,
  • Dongfang Ma

摘要

Background

Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) play pivotal roles in plant perception of and responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite their significant biological importance, comprehensive characterization of the SAP gene family in the invasive weed Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson remains limited.

Methods and results

Through genome-wide analysis, this study identified 12 SAP genes, designated ApSAP1–ApSAP12. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into four distinct groups. Promoter sequence analysis revealed a high abundance of cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stress responses and plant hormone signaling, with particularly enriched elements related to abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). This finding suggested that ApSAP genes may participate in hormone-mediated regulatory processes involved in environmental stress adaptation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) expression profiling revealed that ApSAP3 and ApSAP8 exhibited strong induction under multiple abiotic stress conditions, including salt stress, osmotic stress, hormone treatments, and glufosinate ammonium treatment. Furthermore, subcellular localization experiments demonstrated that ApSAP8 predominantly accumulated in chloroplasts.

Conclusions

This study systematically characterizes the genomic structure, stress-related expression patterns, and subcellular localization of the SAP gene family in A. palmeri. These findings establish a molecular foundation for future investigations into SAP-mediated abiotic stress response mechanisms in invasive weeds.