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<p>In temperate cereals, vernalization regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in response to low temperatures. A central component of this pathway is <i>VERNALIZATION 1</i> (<i>VRN1</i>). In winter wheat cultivars, the recessive <i>vrn1</i> allele is transcriptionally activated by cold and promotes the transition to flowering. In contrast, spring cultivars carry dominant <i>VRN1</i> alleles expressed in a cold-independent manner. This is caused by mutations in the <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements in the promoter or in the “critical region” of intron 1. The widespread spring bread wheat allele <i>Vrn-A1a</i> carries a promoter mutation but retains a winter-like allele intron 1. Intriguingly, <i>Vrn-A1a</i> is partially responsive to cold, suggesting regulatory element(s) beyond the promoter mutation. Here, we investigated the effect of combined promoter and first intron mutations on <i>Vrn-A1a</i> expression and flowering time in bread wheat. We deleted a 901-bp segment of the <i>Vrn-A1a</i> so-called “critical region”, thus generating a novel combination of the promoter and intron 1 mutations not found in natural germplasm. Plants carrying both mutations exhibited <i>Vrn-A1</i> transcript levels and flowering times comparable to those of the wild-type under both vernalizing and non-vernalizing conditions. Hence, partial cold responsiveness of <i>Vrn-A1a</i> is controlled by regulatory element(s) outside the removed intron 1 segment. Overall, our study advances the understanding of <i>VRN1</i> transcriptional regulation and highlights the complexity of vernalization control in wheat.</p>

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Combining promoter and induced intron 1 mutations of Vrn-A1a does not accelerate flowering in wheat

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Beáta Strejčková,
  • Zbyněk Milec,
  • Tereza Šlajsová,
  • Vojtěch Hudzieczek,
  • Rocío Alarcón-Reverte,
  • Caroline A. Sparks,
  • Ales Pecinka,
  • Stephen Pearce,
  • Jan Šafář

摘要

In temperate cereals, vernalization regulates the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in response to low temperatures. A central component of this pathway is VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1). In winter wheat cultivars, the recessive vrn1 allele is transcriptionally activated by cold and promotes the transition to flowering. In contrast, spring cultivars carry dominant VRN1 alleles expressed in a cold-independent manner. This is caused by mutations in the cis-regulatory elements in the promoter or in the “critical region” of intron 1. The widespread spring bread wheat allele Vrn-A1a carries a promoter mutation but retains a winter-like allele intron 1. Intriguingly, Vrn-A1a is partially responsive to cold, suggesting regulatory element(s) beyond the promoter mutation. Here, we investigated the effect of combined promoter and first intron mutations on Vrn-A1a expression and flowering time in bread wheat. We deleted a 901-bp segment of the Vrn-A1a so-called “critical region”, thus generating a novel combination of the promoter and intron 1 mutations not found in natural germplasm. Plants carrying both mutations exhibited Vrn-A1 transcript levels and flowering times comparable to those of the wild-type under both vernalizing and non-vernalizing conditions. Hence, partial cold responsiveness of Vrn-A1a is controlled by regulatory element(s) outside the removed intron 1 segment. Overall, our study advances the understanding of VRN1 transcriptional regulation and highlights the complexity of vernalization control in wheat.