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<p>Winter wheat must undergo vernalization to flower, while spring wheat does not require vernalization. The requirement for vernalization in wheat is primarily controlled by vernalization genes. <i>VRN-1</i> are the most important vernalization genes. The recessive <i>vrn-1</i> alleles have a strict vernalization requirement, while dominant mutations in <i>Vrn-1</i> eliminate or reduce this requirement. In this study, the near-isogenic lines for several <i>VRN-B1</i> allelic variants (<i>Vrn-B1a</i>, <i>Vrn-B1b</i>, <i>Vrn-B1c</i>, <i>Vrn-B1 d</i> and <i>vrn-B1</i>) were generated in two winter wheat backgrounds. Under field conditions, the four dominant <i>Vrn-B1</i> allelic variants (<i>Vrn-B1a</i>, <i>Vrn-B1b</i>, <i>Vrn-B1c</i>, and <i>Vrn-B1 d</i>) resulted in an advancement in the heading date by 3–5 days. Using an artificially controlled gradient vernalization treatment (4–5 ℃, ranging from 0 to 45 days with 5-day intervals), the vernalization requirements of <i>VRN-B1</i> allelic variants were analyzed. The relative effects on vernalization requirements were found to be <i>vrn-B1</i> &gt; <i>Vrn-B1a</i> = <i>Vrn-B1 d</i> &gt; <i>Vrn-B1b</i> = <i>Vrn-B1c</i> (opposite to the heading date). Gene expression analysis indicates that the earlier heading associated with the dominant <i>Vrn-B1</i> allelic variants is linked to their open expression under non-vernalization conditions. There may be an expression threshold at the <i>VRN-B1</i> locus that eliminates the vernalization requirement, and this threshold should be lower than the <i>vrn-B1</i> levels observed under saturated vernalization conditions. Furthermore, once this hypothesized threshold is reached, there appears to be no dosage effect on <i>VRN-B1</i> expression. These results deepen our understanding of wheat vernalization genes and provide a theoretical basis for utilizing these genes in breeding programs aimed at improving wheat adaptability.</p>

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Effects of five allelic variants of the wheat vernalization gene VRN-B1 on heading date and vernalization requirements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月14日

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  • Tianqi Song,
  • Qiru Fan,
  • Caiyin Shi,
  • Siyi Li,
  • Jianfei Zhou,
  • Yaning Bu,
  • Xiling Chang,
  • Yang Yu,
  • Xinpeng Lei,
  • Yuxin Wang,
  • Dongsheng Chen,
  • Jishan Xiang,
  • Xiaoke Zhang

摘要

Winter wheat must undergo vernalization to flower, while spring wheat does not require vernalization. The requirement for vernalization in wheat is primarily controlled by vernalization genes. VRN-1 are the most important vernalization genes. The recessive vrn-1 alleles have a strict vernalization requirement, while dominant mutations in Vrn-1 eliminate or reduce this requirement. In this study, the near-isogenic lines for several VRN-B1 allelic variants (Vrn-B1a, Vrn-B1b, Vrn-B1c, Vrn-B1 d and vrn-B1) were generated in two winter wheat backgrounds. Under field conditions, the four dominant Vrn-B1 allelic variants (Vrn-B1a, Vrn-B1b, Vrn-B1c, and Vrn-B1 d) resulted in an advancement in the heading date by 3–5 days. Using an artificially controlled gradient vernalization treatment (4–5 ℃, ranging from 0 to 45 days with 5-day intervals), the vernalization requirements of VRN-B1 allelic variants were analyzed. The relative effects on vernalization requirements were found to be vrn-B1 > Vrn-B1a = Vrn-B1 d > Vrn-B1b = Vrn-B1c (opposite to the heading date). Gene expression analysis indicates that the earlier heading associated with the dominant Vrn-B1 allelic variants is linked to their open expression under non-vernalization conditions. There may be an expression threshold at the VRN-B1 locus that eliminates the vernalization requirement, and this threshold should be lower than the vrn-B1 levels observed under saturated vernalization conditions. Furthermore, once this hypothesized threshold is reached, there appears to be no dosage effect on VRN-B1 expression. These results deepen our understanding of wheat vernalization genes and provide a theoretical basis for utilizing these genes in breeding programs aimed at improving wheat adaptability.