<p>International research collaboration and international mobility are widely recognized as effective ways to improve the quantity and quality of scholarly outputs, yet it is not clear how doctoral students contribute to overall research production through international collaboration or how these opportunities may help doctoral students develop their own research publications. This article examined the relationship between doctoral students’ publication outputs and the opportunities for international research collaborations and study abroad. We analyzed data from the Canadian Graduate and Professional Survey (CGPSS) and focused on two key types of international opportunities: the opportunity for international research collaboration, and the opportunity to study abroad. Our findings reveal a significantly positive relationship between the opportunity of international research collaboration and doctoral students’ publication outputs. In contrast, the effects of study abroad are more complex and less pronounced. Additionally, we found that international students and students majoring in STEM disciplines tend to benefit less from these opportunities compared to their peers. We offer recommendations for future research and implications for students, institutions, and nations to improve doctoral education and research production.</p>