<p>We consider the problem of determination of the thermal properties of samples of various materials based on the results of measuring the temperature of a&#xa0;reference body (standard). The existing method aimed at the analysis of the thermal properties of samples in a “standard–sample–standard” system of three contacting bodies (three-layer system) is based on the application of complicated computational formulas and labor-consuming experimental procedures. Therefore, this method should be significantly simplified. A&#xa0;rapid method for the analysis of thermal properties (thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) of materials based on the use a&#xa0;two-layer “sample–standard” system is theoretically substantiated. For large Fourier numbers, the temperature of the reference body depends on a&#xa0;single input parameter determined by the ratio of the dimensionless thermal conductivity to the dimensionless thermal diffusivity. If the indicated parameter is taken as an independent variable, then the time dependence of temperature of the reference body at a&#xa0;chosen point contains a&#xa0;straight section, which makes it possible to rapidly construct good approximations for the coefficients included in the mathematical model of the process of thermal-energy transfer in a&#xa0;two-layer system. For this system, we obtain the exact solution of the problem of heat exchange in the course of heating by a&#xa0;constant heat flux and develop an algorithm for solving the inverse problem of finding the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the analyzed sample according to the results of measuring the temperature of the reference body. The efficiency of the algorithm is confirmed by a&#xa0;specific example. The results of calculations performed by using the obtained coefficients are consistent with the experimental data in the entire range of variations of the Fourier number. The proposed method can be implemented in thermophysical instrument-making industry.</p>