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<p>This study investigates the influence of the manufacturing process on the microstructure and properties of Ti(Al<sub>1–x</sub>Fe<sub>x</sub>)<sub>3</sub> intermetallic alloys. The samples were produced using two techniques: arc melting and directed energy deposition. The results indicate that, for alloys with 9&#xa0;at % Fe, an L1<sub>2</sub> structure with secondary phase precipitates forms regardless of the manufacturing technique. This structure has a&#xa0;similar volume of secondary phases, but a&#xa0;different degree of dispersion. High cooling rates during the directed energy deposition process result in a&#xa0;significant refinement of the dendritic structure. The fine-grained microstructure of the additively manufactured Ti<sub>25</sub>Fe<sub>9</sub>Al<sub>66</sub> alloy results in hardness and fracture toughness that are 8.1% and 22.4% higher, respectively, than those of the cast Ti<sub>26</sub>Fe<sub>9</sub>Al<sub>65</sub> alloy. Similarly, the hardness of the directed-energy-deposited alloy with a&#xa0;high iron content (16&#xa0;at %) is 2.1&#xa0;times greater than that of its arc-melted counterpart. However, despite its refined microstructure, the high-iron composition exhibits the lowest fracture toughness (3.1 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>) of all the studied alloys, which is 2.3&#xa0;times lower than the value of the cast material. This embrittlement is attributed to the precipitation of a&#xa0;large volume of brittle secondary phases identified as TiFeAl<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sub>4</sub>Al<sub>13</sub>.</p>

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Structure and mechanical properties of Ti(Al1–xFex)3 alloys obtained by arc melting and directed energy deposition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • N. S. Aleksandrova,
  • O. N. Dubinin,
  • Y. O. Kuzminova,
  • S. A. Evlashin,
  • P. A. Riabinkina,
  • D. V. Lazurenko

摘要

This study investigates the influence of the manufacturing process on the microstructure and properties of Ti(Al1–xFex)3 intermetallic alloys. The samples were produced using two techniques: arc melting and directed energy deposition. The results indicate that, for alloys with 9 at % Fe, an L12 structure with secondary phase precipitates forms regardless of the manufacturing technique. This structure has a similar volume of secondary phases, but a different degree of dispersion. High cooling rates during the directed energy deposition process result in a significant refinement of the dendritic structure. The fine-grained microstructure of the additively manufactured Ti25Fe9Al66 alloy results in hardness and fracture toughness that are 8.1% and 22.4% higher, respectively, than those of the cast Ti26Fe9Al65 alloy. Similarly, the hardness of the directed-energy-deposited alloy with a high iron content (16 at %) is 2.1 times greater than that of its arc-melted counterpart. However, despite its refined microstructure, the high-iron composition exhibits the lowest fracture toughness (3.1 MPa·m1/2) of all the studied alloys, which is 2.3 times lower than the value of the cast material. This embrittlement is attributed to the precipitation of a large volume of brittle secondary phases identified as TiFeAl2 and Fe4Al13.