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<p>The study is aimed at inactivation of harmful impurities (P,&#xa0;As, Sb, Cu, Sn) in low-carbon steel 17G1S (0.17 C–Mn–Si) by modifying it with rare earth metals (REMs) followed by vacuum refining. Under the laboratory conditions, steel was deoxidized with aluminum followed by introduction of 0.3% cerium (alloy MTs50Zh6: cerium (40–45%); lanthanum (18–25%); iron (15%); neodymium (10–12%); praesodymium (5–7%)) and purging with argon. The presence of the inclusions was analyzed using optical and/or electron microscopy, along with X‑ray microanalysis. Industrial testing included vacuum treatment of ingots weighing 28.5 tons (steel grades 34KhN1M (0.3 C–1.3Cr–1.3Ni–0.2Mo) and 9Kh2MF (0.9 C–1.7Cr–0.2Mo–0.1 V)) with an addition of 3–4 kg/t of REMs. At a&#xa0;Ce content of 0.2–0.3%, the impurities were bound into multiphase inclusions (3–10 μm) of the following composition (wt. %): REMs&#xa0;(70), P&#xa0;(11), S&#xa0;(2), and As&#xa0;(1.5). Purging with argon reduced the size of the inclusions. Vacuum treatment with an REM dosage of 3.9–4 kg/t reduced the sulfur content by 46–73% (up to 0.005–0.008%), regardless of the initial level. Experimental ingots exhibited evenly distributed small inclusions, containing up to 95% of impurities. The combined use of REMs and vacuum refining effectively inactivates harmful impurities, while improving the structural uniformity of steel. The method is applicable to critical alloys with high purity requirements for sulfur and nonmetallic inclusions.</p>

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Desulfurization and inactivation of phosphorus and heavy non-ferrous metals in steel by REM treatment followed by vacuum refining

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • V. S. Gulyakov,
  • L. Yu. Mikhailova,
  • O. V. Zayakin

摘要

The study is aimed at inactivation of harmful impurities (P, As, Sb, Cu, Sn) in low-carbon steel 17G1S (0.17 C–Mn–Si) by modifying it with rare earth metals (REMs) followed by vacuum refining. Under the laboratory conditions, steel was deoxidized with aluminum followed by introduction of 0.3% cerium (alloy MTs50Zh6: cerium (40–45%); lanthanum (18–25%); iron (15%); neodymium (10–12%); praesodymium (5–7%)) and purging with argon. The presence of the inclusions was analyzed using optical and/or electron microscopy, along with X‑ray microanalysis. Industrial testing included vacuum treatment of ingots weighing 28.5 tons (steel grades 34KhN1M (0.3 C–1.3Cr–1.3Ni–0.2Mo) and 9Kh2MF (0.9 C–1.7Cr–0.2Mo–0.1 V)) with an addition of 3–4 kg/t of REMs. At a Ce content of 0.2–0.3%, the impurities were bound into multiphase inclusions (3–10 μm) of the following composition (wt. %): REMs (70), P (11), S (2), and As (1.5). Purging with argon reduced the size of the inclusions. Vacuum treatment with an REM dosage of 3.9–4 kg/t reduced the sulfur content by 46–73% (up to 0.005–0.008%), regardless of the initial level. Experimental ingots exhibited evenly distributed small inclusions, containing up to 95% of impurities. The combined use of REMs and vacuum refining effectively inactivates harmful impurities, while improving the structural uniformity of steel. The method is applicable to critical alloys with high purity requirements for sulfur and nonmetallic inclusions.