The role of the farnesoid X receptor in diabetes and its complications

Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which tissues and organs are exposed to a hyperglycemic environment for a prolonged period. Long-term hyperglycemia can cause dysfunction of multiple organs and tissues in the body, leading to diabetic complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes and its complications have become one of the key issues that seriously threaten the health of people worldwide. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as a metabolic regulator, has multiple functions in regulating insulin synthesis and secretion, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and fibrosis. It plays a key role in alleviating diabetes and its complications. In this review, we discuss the latest findings of FXR related to diabetes and its complications, focusing on its role in diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic liver injury. The aim is to better understand the role of FXR in diabetes and its complications and to provide new perspectives on the treatment of diabetes and its complications.