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<p>The ability to support the structural load from the roof system while providing a safe environment is a vital factor when designing modern sports stadiums. Roof systems must also be able to endure extreme amounts of aerodynamic forces and provide effective protection against high-speed winds associated with extreme weather patterns without putting the sporting event or the comfort of spectators at risk. The purpose of the study is to develop an innovative design using nonlinear aerodynamics of doubly curved sandwich panels using an auxetic core and graphene nanoplatelets (GPL) reinforced faces of the panel, and to create new roof systems for large-span stadiums. Using the Carrera unification formulation (CUF) in conjunction with the principle of virtual displacement (PVD), this study establishes equivalent single-layer (ESL), layer-wise (LW), and variable-kinematic models for accurately modeling through-thickness deformations of the panels. Aerodynamic loads are applied to the models through the implementation of first-order piston theory for the aerodynamic actions imposed on the panel due to supersonic flow (i.e., actions due to aircraft flying over) and third-order piston theory for hypersonic flow conditions (i.e., severe wind gusts due to weather conditions). Flutter and divergence thresholds that prevent catastrophic roof failure during live sporting events are defined through a nonlinear eigenvalue solution. A deep neural network (DNN) trained using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) on simulation data from stadiums stems from the desire to validate more robustly than current analytical benchmarks and presented finite element (FE) software, providing both rapid and accurate prediction of stadium-specific design codes. The results of these comparisons are consistent with existing literature, while parametric studies have demonstrated that an auxetic/GPL hybrid configuration will increase the critical dynamic pressure compared to conventional honeycomb panels. These results yield sport stadium roofs that are lighter, safer, and more resilient, protecting both athletes and spectators throughout all types of airflow patterns from calm summer match conditions to storm-generated hypersonic gusts.</p>

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Nonlinear aerodynamic response and design of auxetic cellular sandwich panels for next-generation sports stadium roofs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Binglong Xu,
  • Long Chen,
  • Hamed Safarpour,
  • Mustafa Bayram

摘要

The ability to support the structural load from the roof system while providing a safe environment is a vital factor when designing modern sports stadiums. Roof systems must also be able to endure extreme amounts of aerodynamic forces and provide effective protection against high-speed winds associated with extreme weather patterns without putting the sporting event or the comfort of spectators at risk. The purpose of the study is to develop an innovative design using nonlinear aerodynamics of doubly curved sandwich panels using an auxetic core and graphene nanoplatelets (GPL) reinforced faces of the panel, and to create new roof systems for large-span stadiums. Using the Carrera unification formulation (CUF) in conjunction with the principle of virtual displacement (PVD), this study establishes equivalent single-layer (ESL), layer-wise (LW), and variable-kinematic models for accurately modeling through-thickness deformations of the panels. Aerodynamic loads are applied to the models through the implementation of first-order piston theory for the aerodynamic actions imposed on the panel due to supersonic flow (i.e., actions due to aircraft flying over) and third-order piston theory for hypersonic flow conditions (i.e., severe wind gusts due to weather conditions). Flutter and divergence thresholds that prevent catastrophic roof failure during live sporting events are defined through a nonlinear eigenvalue solution. A deep neural network (DNN) trained using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) on simulation data from stadiums stems from the desire to validate more robustly than current analytical benchmarks and presented finite element (FE) software, providing both rapid and accurate prediction of stadium-specific design codes. The results of these comparisons are consistent with existing literature, while parametric studies have demonstrated that an auxetic/GPL hybrid configuration will increase the critical dynamic pressure compared to conventional honeycomb panels. These results yield sport stadium roofs that are lighter, safer, and more resilient, protecting both athletes and spectators throughout all types of airflow patterns from calm summer match conditions to storm-generated hypersonic gusts.