Inter-track porosity and macroporosity insights into mechanical properties of FDM printed samples using in-situ 4D XCT
摘要
Defects occur during the manufacturing of samples using additive technologies. These defects include interlayer adhesion failure, inter-track pores, deviations from the original geometry and which can adversely affect the physical and mechanical properties of the entire product. This work is devoted to conduct an experimental 4D X-ray computed tomography investigation of the morphology of multiscale pores, their origin, and their influence on the mechanical properties of unit cell. The study evaluates the changes in the internal structure of the specimen under load using computed tomography scanning. In the research cubic porous cells produced by additive technologies were investigated. The initial pores were ellipsoidal with different angles of orientation and inter-track pores that were formed during the 3D printing process. Specimens were tested using X-ray computed tomography combined with in-situ special tooling, tensile machine and numerical experiments. The study investigated the elastic modulus, lower and upper yield limits, and structural changes during specimen loading, while simultaneously assessing variations in the geometry and volume of inter-track pores and macropores under loading. Thus, the chaotic distribution of inter-track pores was observed, which significantly affected the values of physical and mechanical characteristics, however, their contribution decreases during plastic deformation. The study presents an approximating model to describe the mechanical properties within the plastic deformation zone and reveals the dependence of pore morphology on their orientation relative to the applied load. Additionally, it was determined that taking into account the chaotic distribution of inter-track pores using the rule of mixtures provides a close correspondence between numerical and experimental data. The largest changes in the pore volume were observed in the elastic zone, whereas a significant transformation of the pore shape occurs predominantly in the plastic deformation zone.