<p>Let <i>G</i> be a finite abelian group and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\exp (G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>exp</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> the exponent of <i>G</i>. <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{W}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the set of cross numbers of minimal zero-sum sequences over <i>G</i> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{w}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the set of all cross numbers of nontrivial zero-sum free sequences over <i>G</i>. It is clear that <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{W}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{w}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are bounded subsets of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{1}{\exp (G)}\mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mo>exp</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with maximum <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{K}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{k}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, respectively (here <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{K}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textsf{k}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the large and the small cross number of <i>G</i>, respectively). We give results on the structure of <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{W}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{w}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We first show that both sets contain long arithmetic progressions and that only close to the maximum there might be some gaps. We provide groups for which <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{W}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">W</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10998_2025_645_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textsf{w}}(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> actually are arithmetic progressions, and argue that this is rather a rare phenomenon. Finally, we provide some results in case there are gaps.</p>

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Sets of cross numbers of sequences over finite Abelian groups

  • Aqsa Bashir,
  • Wolfgang A. Schmid

摘要

Let G be a finite abelian group and \(\exp (G)\) exp ( G ) the exponent of G. \({\textsf{W}}(G)\) W ( G ) denotes the set of cross numbers of minimal zero-sum sequences over G and \({\textsf{w}}(G)\) w ( G ) denotes the set of all cross numbers of nontrivial zero-sum free sequences over G. It is clear that \({\textsf{W}}(G)\) W ( G ) and \({\textsf{w}}(G)\) w ( G ) are bounded subsets of \(\frac{1}{\exp (G)}\mathbb {N}\) 1 exp ( G ) N with maximum \({\textsf{K}}(G)\) K ( G ) and \({\textsf{k}}(G)\) k ( G ) , respectively (here \(\textsf{K}(G)\) K ( G ) and \(\textsf{k}(G)\) k ( G ) denote the large and the small cross number of G, respectively). We give results on the structure of \({\textsf{W}}(G)\) W ( G ) and \({\textsf{w}}(G)\) w ( G ) . We first show that both sets contain long arithmetic progressions and that only close to the maximum there might be some gaps. We provide groups for which \({\textsf{W}}(G)\) W ( G ) and \({\textsf{w}}(G)\) w ( G ) actually are arithmetic progressions, and argue that this is rather a rare phenomenon. Finally, we provide some results in case there are gaps.