Purpose <p>Direct pulp capping is an extensively used procedure in clinical practice for preserving pulp vitality and promoting dentin regeneration. However, currently used pulp capping agents are designed to stimulate the pulp through the high pH of the material to produce reparative dentin. The use of bioactive peptides and compatible biomaterials as substitutes for pulp capping agents is anticipated to improve the treatment of dental pulp exposure caused by various factors.</p> Methods <p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the application of bioactive peptides to direct pulp capping, highlighting their significant potential as a pulp capping agents to promote reparative dentinogenesis.</p> Results <p>Peptides can promote the formation of reparative dentin by activating the biomimetic mechanism of certain signaling pathways. Peptides can also be combined with hydrogels, nanoparticles and other materials to promote the formation of reparative dentin while playing an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial function.</p> Conclusions <p>Peptides have great potential for direct pulp capping, which promotes the co-development of direct pulp capping materials in terms of function and biocompatibility.</p>