Background <p>In nature, plants are continuously exposed to various stress conditions, such as biotic stress (e.g., herbivores, pathogens, and weed) and abiotic stress (e.g., heat, drought, cold, heavy metals, and salinity). As sessile organisms, they cannot escape these challenges. However, they have developed an complex and advanced system of molecular signalling to reduce the detrimental impacts of stress.</p> Purpose <p>Plant peptides, consisting of fewer than 100 amino acid residues, play a crucial role as signalling molecules in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Additionally, they participate in the signalling pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen, which serve as vital secondary messengers in stress signalling. This review highlights the diverse roles of plant peptides in stress responses and ROS signalling.</p> Methods <p>A comrehensive analysis of the literature was conducted to examine the role of small peptides such as RALF, PEP, CAPE1, CLAVATA3, PSK, IDA, and AMPs, in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Their impact on ROS signalling and stress responses was assessed to provide insights into peptide-mediated regulayion of plant resilience.</p> Results <p>Plant peptides, including signalling and defence peptides, are essential in regulating responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Their interaction with ROS pathways enables plants to regulate stress responses effectively. The roles of specific peptides in enhancing plant defence, growth, and adaptions to environmental challenges are highlighted.</p> Conclusion <p>Understanding these peptides and their mechanism of action can be utilized to enhance crop growth, promote agricultural sustainability, and increase stress tolerance. This knowledge can be applied in peptide-mediated signalling to enhance environmental resilience and contribute to global food security.</p>