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<p>To overcome the high flammability and toxic smoke release of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), a novel bio-based composite modifier composed of ammonium phytate (AP) and chitosan (CS) was developed. The thermal degradation behavior, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, mechanical properties, and char morphology were systematically investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, smoke density tests, mechanical testing, and scanning electron microscopy. TGA results showed that RPUF-C6P8 (6&#xa0;g CS and 8&#xa0;g AP) achieved the highest peak heat loss rate temperature, integral program decomposition temperature (IPDT), and activation energy (E), confirming markedly enhanced thermal stability. Under a radiant heat flux of 25&#xa0;kW&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>, this sample exhibited the lowest peak heat release rate (29.03&#xa0;kW&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>, total heat release (0.89&#xa0;MJ&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>), peak smoke production rate (0.0080&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;s<sup>−1</sup>), and total smoke release (31.01&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>), together with the minimum values for all four fire indices. RPUF-C6P8 also formed a dense, protective char layer and displayed the best mechanical and thermal insulation properties. This work demonstrates for the first time that the AP/CS combination acts as an efficient, eco-friendly strategy to simultaneously impart excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression to RPUF, offering a promising route for high-performance insulation materials.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic effects of ammonium phytate and chitosan on enhancing thermal stability, flame retardancy and smoke suppression of rigid polyurethane foam

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Xu Zhang,
  • Chunying Yin,
  • Rui Han,
  • Meng Zhang,
  • Zhi Wang,
  • Hua Xie

摘要

To overcome the high flammability and toxic smoke release of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), a novel bio-based composite modifier composed of ammonium phytate (AP) and chitosan (CS) was developed. The thermal degradation behavior, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, mechanical properties, and char morphology were systematically investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry, smoke density tests, mechanical testing, and scanning electron microscopy. TGA results showed that RPUF-C6P8 (6 g CS and 8 g AP) achieved the highest peak heat loss rate temperature, integral program decomposition temperature (IPDT), and activation energy (E), confirming markedly enhanced thermal stability. Under a radiant heat flux of 25 kW m−2, this sample exhibited the lowest peak heat release rate (29.03 kW m−2, total heat release (0.89 MJ m−2), peak smoke production rate (0.0080 m2 s−1), and total smoke release (31.01 m2 m−2), together with the minimum values for all four fire indices. RPUF-C6P8 also formed a dense, protective char layer and displayed the best mechanical and thermal insulation properties. This work demonstrates for the first time that the AP/CS combination acts as an efficient, eco-friendly strategy to simultaneously impart excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression to RPUF, offering a promising route for high-performance insulation materials.

Graphical abstract