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<p>The decarbonization of diesel-based transportation and power sectors demands advanced fuel modification strategies, with nano-additive-enhanced fuels emerging as a potential breakthrough. Their unique thermal conductivity, catalytic reactivity, and oxygen buffering capabilities can address critical issues of incomplete combustion and pollutant formation. This review article presents a new, overall critical assessment of nanofuel preparation techniques (one-step and two-step processes), methods for enhancing stability, methods for measuring stability (DLS, zeta potential thresholds, surfactant chemistry etc.), the effect of nano-additive additives on thermophysical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, fire and flash points), combustion properties (ignition delay, heat release rate, and in-cylinder pressure), and their effects on engine energy, exergy, and emissions. The review study revealed that two-step method of nanofuel preparation yielded higher purity products with improved performance at a higher cost and complexity, with the limitation of a higher agglomeration rate. The fuel prepared with a smaller size and low concentration (up to 2%) and having a pH either less than or more than 7 provides higher stability due to the lower van der Waals force effect over electrostatic forces. The prepared nanofuels’ density, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity are enhanced while the critical ignition temperature is reduced with the inclusion of nano-additive and a rise in its concentration. Literature synthesis shows quantitative gains including reductions in brake-specific fuel consumption (3–15%), enhancements in brake thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency (up to 10%), and marked decreases in CO, HC, and smoke emissions, though CO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> responses remain variable for various experimental setup, nano-additive types, and base fuel type, and nanoparticle concentrations. Future research priorities are defined, including the development of surface-functionalized or bio-synthesized nano-additives, standardized testing protocols, techno-economic assessments, and regulatory frameworks for safe deployment.</p>

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Advances in nano-additive-enhanced biofuels for diesel engines: stability, performance, and emission insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Ranjeet Rai,
  • Arun Kumar Tiwari,
  • Santosh Kumar Singh,
  • Rohit Kumar Singh Gautam

摘要

The decarbonization of diesel-based transportation and power sectors demands advanced fuel modification strategies, with nano-additive-enhanced fuels emerging as a potential breakthrough. Their unique thermal conductivity, catalytic reactivity, and oxygen buffering capabilities can address critical issues of incomplete combustion and pollutant formation. This review article presents a new, overall critical assessment of nanofuel preparation techniques (one-step and two-step processes), methods for enhancing stability, methods for measuring stability (DLS, zeta potential thresholds, surfactant chemistry etc.), the effect of nano-additive additives on thermophysical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, fire and flash points), combustion properties (ignition delay, heat release rate, and in-cylinder pressure), and their effects on engine energy, exergy, and emissions. The review study revealed that two-step method of nanofuel preparation yielded higher purity products with improved performance at a higher cost and complexity, with the limitation of a higher agglomeration rate. The fuel prepared with a smaller size and low concentration (up to 2%) and having a pH either less than or more than 7 provides higher stability due to the lower van der Waals force effect over electrostatic forces. The prepared nanofuels’ density, dynamic viscosity, and thermal conductivity are enhanced while the critical ignition temperature is reduced with the inclusion of nano-additive and a rise in its concentration. Literature synthesis shows quantitative gains including reductions in brake-specific fuel consumption (3–15%), enhancements in brake thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency (up to 10%), and marked decreases in CO, HC, and smoke emissions, though CO2 and NOx responses remain variable for various experimental setup, nano-additive types, and base fuel type, and nanoparticle concentrations. Future research priorities are defined, including the development of surface-functionalized or bio-synthesized nano-additives, standardized testing protocols, techno-economic assessments, and regulatory frameworks for safe deployment.