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<p>In this study, the impact of volume concentration of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/water nanofluid quenching on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of carbon steel was investigated experimentally. For this purpose, three different volume concentrations (φ = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%) of nanofluids were prepared with four different sonication times using a two-step preparation method. The thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density were analyzed for different volume concentrations of nanofluid and sonication times. The results revealed that maximum thermal conductivity ratio enhancements of about 2.3%, 2.7%, and 3.2% were obtained for 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% concentrations, respectively. Whereas, viscosity and density decreased by about 25% and 2.5%, respectively, with increasing temperature from 20 to 60&#xa0;°C. Carbon steel with a diameter of 16&#xa0;mm and a length of 1&#xa0;m was procured and prepared samples then heated in an induction furnace and subsequently quenched in the prepared nanofluid, followed by an analysis of its mechanical characteristics. The experimental results showed that the hardness value increased from 52 to 68&#xa0;HRC (∼ 22.3% enhancement) when the carbon steel was quenched in 0.1% volume concentration nanofluid compared to water. Furthermore, tensile strength values increased from 256 to 565&#xa0;MPa for water and 0.1% volume concentration, respectively. Finally, these results clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of nanofluids as a quenching medium for various high-strength applications.</p>

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Impact of quenching with Al2O3/water nanofluid on the mechanical properties and microstructure of carbon steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • M. Baskaran,
  • S. Senthilraja

摘要

In this study, the impact of volume concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid quenching on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of carbon steel was investigated experimentally. For this purpose, three different volume concentrations (φ = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%) of nanofluids were prepared with four different sonication times using a two-step preparation method. The thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density were analyzed for different volume concentrations of nanofluid and sonication times. The results revealed that maximum thermal conductivity ratio enhancements of about 2.3%, 2.7%, and 3.2% were obtained for 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% concentrations, respectively. Whereas, viscosity and density decreased by about 25% and 2.5%, respectively, with increasing temperature from 20 to 60 °C. Carbon steel with a diameter of 16 mm and a length of 1 m was procured and prepared samples then heated in an induction furnace and subsequently quenched in the prepared nanofluid, followed by an analysis of its mechanical characteristics. The experimental results showed that the hardness value increased from 52 to 68 HRC (∼ 22.3% enhancement) when the carbon steel was quenched in 0.1% volume concentration nanofluid compared to water. Furthermore, tensile strength values increased from 256 to 565 MPa for water and 0.1% volume concentration, respectively. Finally, these results clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of nanofluids as a quenching medium for various high-strength applications.