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<p>Interest in renewable and sustainable energy across the globe has made animal tallow methyl ester (ATME) a promising feedstock for compression ignition engines, but the effect of its high saturation on combustion needs to be analyzed comprehensively. This paper investigates the performance, emission, and combustion behavior of a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine using ATME-diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B60). Fuel characterization showed that although ATME meets both ASTM D6751 and EN14214 fuel specifications, it has a high freezing point, which poses challenges for operation in cold weather conditions. The experiment yielded a synergistic effect with lower blending rates, particularly with D80B20 blend, which showed a 3.93% increase in BTE contrast to neat diesel. While the low energy content of ATME increased BSFC of D80B20 by 6.25%, there was an important advantage in terms of reduced CO, HC, and smoke opacity by 18.75%, 25%, and 98.95%, respectively. Pressure measurements showed that the D80B20 blend had higher pressure peaks with reduced ignition delay and combustion duration, though this corresponded to a higher NOx emissions by 8.54% caused by higher mean gas temperatures (MGT). This research highlights the novelty of optimizing animal-fat-derived fuel blends to balance the trade-off between thermal efficiency and emission profiles, identifying D80B20 as a high-performing, sustainable alternative for unmodified diesel engines.</p>

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Exploring the potential of animal tallow biodiesel and diesel: performance, emissions, and combustion traits in VCR diesel engine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Ajmeera Naresh,
  • Ravi Kumar Puli

摘要

Interest in renewable and sustainable energy across the globe has made animal tallow methyl ester (ATME) a promising feedstock for compression ignition engines, but the effect of its high saturation on combustion needs to be analyzed comprehensively. This paper investigates the performance, emission, and combustion behavior of a variable compression ratio (VCR) engine using ATME-diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B60). Fuel characterization showed that although ATME meets both ASTM D6751 and EN14214 fuel specifications, it has a high freezing point, which poses challenges for operation in cold weather conditions. The experiment yielded a synergistic effect with lower blending rates, particularly with D80B20 blend, which showed a 3.93% increase in BTE contrast to neat diesel. While the low energy content of ATME increased BSFC of D80B20 by 6.25%, there was an important advantage in terms of reduced CO, HC, and smoke opacity by 18.75%, 25%, and 98.95%, respectively. Pressure measurements showed that the D80B20 blend had higher pressure peaks with reduced ignition delay and combustion duration, though this corresponded to a higher NOx emissions by 8.54% caused by higher mean gas temperatures (MGT). This research highlights the novelty of optimizing animal-fat-derived fuel blends to balance the trade-off between thermal efficiency and emission profiles, identifying D80B20 as a high-performing, sustainable alternative for unmodified diesel engines.