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<p>The increasing global demand for efficient energy systems has driven research into advanced cooling technologies. Hybrid nanofluids, formed by combining two or more nanoparticle types, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional fluids due to their superior thermal transport properties and enhanced stability. This study experimentally investigates TiO<sub>2</sub>/MWCNT (80:20&#xa0;mass%) hybrid nanofluids flowing in a circular pipe under different flow regimes, with particular emphasis on the transition regime at ultra-low to low concentrations (0.00125–0.3&#xa0;vol.%). The results showed that transitional flow exhibited the greatest heat transfer enhancement, with Nusselt number increases exceeding 29% for all concentrations and reaching a maximum enhancement of 34.5% at 0.3&#xa0;vol.%. In turbulent flow, the maximum enhancement was 7.7%. Although pressure drop increased with nanoparticle loading, the 0.1&#xa0;vol.% nanofluid provided the most favorable thermohydraulic performance. Based on experimentally measured heat transfer and pressure drop data, a second-law thermodynamic analysis was performed using entropy generation and exergy efficiency. The analysis revealed that while 0.3&#xa0;vol.% produced the highest Nusselt number enhancement, the 0.1&#xa0;vol.% nanofluid achieved the highest exergy efficiency and lowest total entropy generation because it provided the optimal balance between thermal enhancement and frictional losses. These findings demonstrate the importance of combining first-law and second-law performance metrics when optimizing hybrid nanofluids and provide practical guidance for the design of compact heat exchangers, electronics cooling devices, and automotive thermal management systems operating in transition and turbulent flow regimes.</p>

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Heat transfer and thermohydraulic performance of TiO2/MWCNT hybrid nanofluids under different regimes in pipe flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Victor O. Adogbeji,
  • Tartibu Lagouge,
  • Mohsen Sharifpur,
  • S M Sohel Murshed

摘要

The increasing global demand for efficient energy systems has driven research into advanced cooling technologies. Hybrid nanofluids, formed by combining two or more nanoparticle types, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional fluids due to their superior thermal transport properties and enhanced stability. This study experimentally investigates TiO2/MWCNT (80:20 mass%) hybrid nanofluids flowing in a circular pipe under different flow regimes, with particular emphasis on the transition regime at ultra-low to low concentrations (0.00125–0.3 vol.%). The results showed that transitional flow exhibited the greatest heat transfer enhancement, with Nusselt number increases exceeding 29% for all concentrations and reaching a maximum enhancement of 34.5% at 0.3 vol.%. In turbulent flow, the maximum enhancement was 7.7%. Although pressure drop increased with nanoparticle loading, the 0.1 vol.% nanofluid provided the most favorable thermohydraulic performance. Based on experimentally measured heat transfer and pressure drop data, a second-law thermodynamic analysis was performed using entropy generation and exergy efficiency. The analysis revealed that while 0.3 vol.% produced the highest Nusselt number enhancement, the 0.1 vol.% nanofluid achieved the highest exergy efficiency and lowest total entropy generation because it provided the optimal balance between thermal enhancement and frictional losses. These findings demonstrate the importance of combining first-law and second-law performance metrics when optimizing hybrid nanofluids and provide practical guidance for the design of compact heat exchangers, electronics cooling devices, and automotive thermal management systems operating in transition and turbulent flow regimes.