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<p>This study experimentally investigates the thermohydraulic performance of mini-pipes (<i>D</i> = 2.26 and 2.74&#xa0;mm) under forced convection (8070 ≤ Re ≤ 13678) to optimize the trade-off between heat transfer enhancement and thermodynamic irreversibilities. Analysis reveals that the 2.74-mm pipe exhibits superior performance. While the designs remain energy-efficient (PEC &gt; 1), second law analysis confirms that frictional effects are the dominant source of irreversibility (Be &lt; 0.002). To explore the entire design space using limited experimental data, a high-fidelity Kriging surrogate model (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.96) was developed, which demonstrated superior predictive accuracy across all thermohydraulic parameters compared to support vector regression (SVR). A Surrogate-assisted high-resolution Grid Search approach, evaluating over 10,000 virtual points, was applied to find the exact Pareto optimal frontier, which was subsequently analyzed via Shannon Entropy-weighted TOPSIS. Shannon Entropy analysis identified S’gen,total as the most critical performance determinant (84.95% mass), followed by Nu (8.34%) and f (6.71%). Consequently, the global optimum operating point was identified at Re = 8070.0 and <i>D</i> = 2.74&#xa0;mm. At this point, total entropy generation is minimized to 0.0161&#xa0;W&#xa0;K<sup>−1</sup>, with a corresponding Nu of 88.68 and f of 0.0485. These results demonstrate that despite thermal gains at higher velocities, minimizing friction-induced thermodynamic inefficiencies at lower Reynolds numbers yields the most efficient operation in mini-channels.</p>

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Thermodynamic analysis and hybrid surrogate-assisted multi-criteria optimization of heat transfer in mini-pipes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Orhan Yildirim,
  • Şendoğan Karagöz

摘要

This study experimentally investigates the thermohydraulic performance of mini-pipes (D = 2.26 and 2.74 mm) under forced convection (8070 ≤ Re ≤ 13678) to optimize the trade-off between heat transfer enhancement and thermodynamic irreversibilities. Analysis reveals that the 2.74-mm pipe exhibits superior performance. While the designs remain energy-efficient (PEC > 1), second law analysis confirms that frictional effects are the dominant source of irreversibility (Be < 0.002). To explore the entire design space using limited experimental data, a high-fidelity Kriging surrogate model (R2 > 0.96) was developed, which demonstrated superior predictive accuracy across all thermohydraulic parameters compared to support vector regression (SVR). A Surrogate-assisted high-resolution Grid Search approach, evaluating over 10,000 virtual points, was applied to find the exact Pareto optimal frontier, which was subsequently analyzed via Shannon Entropy-weighted TOPSIS. Shannon Entropy analysis identified S’gen,total as the most critical performance determinant (84.95% mass), followed by Nu (8.34%) and f (6.71%). Consequently, the global optimum operating point was identified at Re = 8070.0 and D = 2.74 mm. At this point, total entropy generation is minimized to 0.0161 W K−1, with a corresponding Nu of 88.68 and f of 0.0485. These results demonstrate that despite thermal gains at higher velocities, minimizing friction-induced thermodynamic inefficiencies at lower Reynolds numbers yields the most efficient operation in mini-channels.