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<p>This study investigates the drying kinetics, energy efficiency, and quality preservation of orange peel under intermittent (IMD) and continuous (CWMD) microwave drying. Comprehensive molecular and thermal analyses were conducted to validate bioactive retention and stability. GC–MS revealed that IMD preserved higher levels of key volatiles such as limonene, <i>α</i>-pinene, and linalool, while FTIR confirmed reduced structural degradation compared to CWMD. Thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) analysis showed delayed degradation onset and higher activation energy for IMD, indicating superior thermal stability of flavonoids and terpenes. Statistical modeling confirmed the Midilli–Kucuk model as the best fit when evaluated using AIC, BIC, RMSE, and SSE. Experimental dielectric measurements and thermal imaging demonstrated deeper microwave penetration and greater uniformity under IMD. Normalized CO₂ emissions benchmarking revealed that IMD is the most sustainable option, particularly with renewable energy integration. Rehydration kinetics and SEM analysis further confirmed enhanced structural preservation. Finally, techno-economic analysis and bibliometric mapping validated the industrial feasibility and global relevance of IMD. These results provide insights for sustainable, energy-efficient microwave drying, supporting its industrial adoption.</p>

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Comparative kinetic modeling and quality evaluation of orange peel during intermittent and continuous microwave drying

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Naima Benmakhlouf,
  • Soufiene Azzouz

摘要

This study investigates the drying kinetics, energy efficiency, and quality preservation of orange peel under intermittent (IMD) and continuous (CWMD) microwave drying. Comprehensive molecular and thermal analyses were conducted to validate bioactive retention and stability. GC–MS revealed that IMD preserved higher levels of key volatiles such as limonene, α-pinene, and linalool, while FTIR confirmed reduced structural degradation compared to CWMD. Thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) analysis showed delayed degradation onset and higher activation energy for IMD, indicating superior thermal stability of flavonoids and terpenes. Statistical modeling confirmed the Midilli–Kucuk model as the best fit when evaluated using AIC, BIC, RMSE, and SSE. Experimental dielectric measurements and thermal imaging demonstrated deeper microwave penetration and greater uniformity under IMD. Normalized CO₂ emissions benchmarking revealed that IMD is the most sustainable option, particularly with renewable energy integration. Rehydration kinetics and SEM analysis further confirmed enhanced structural preservation. Finally, techno-economic analysis and bibliometric mapping validated the industrial feasibility and global relevance of IMD. These results provide insights for sustainable, energy-efficient microwave drying, supporting its industrial adoption.