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<p>The post-harvest processing of cacao beans in tropical regions requires efficient, sustainable drying technologies to prevent microbial spoilage and preserve biochemical quality. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive literature review and propose a standardized conceptual framework for photovoltaic–silica-assisted hybrid solar drying systems. By synthesizing existing experimental data on conventional solar, tunnel, freeze, and hybrid drying techniques, this study evaluates the thermodynamic performance and sustainability of integrating solid desiccants. The literature synthesis demonstrates that hybrid solar drying systems, particularly when combined with silica gel desiccants, provide a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for cacao processing. Analyzed data indicate that hybrid configurations can reduce drying time by up to 30–50% compared to open-sun drying, while achieving exergy efficiencies ranging from 59 to over 68% in controlled environments. Furthermore, this paper establishes a robust mathematical framework utilizing response surface methodology via a face-centered central composite design to optimize the desiccant-to-cacao mass ratio and drying air temperature for future implementations.</p>

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Photovoltaic–silica-assisted hybrid solar drying stages and procedures of cacao beans

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Suherman Suherman,
  • Tubagus Rayyan Fitra Sinuhaji,
  • Hadiyanto Hadiyanto,
  • Muhammad Anas Asy-Syaqiq,
  • Didi Dwi Anggoro,
  • Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono,
  • Sugiharto Sugiharto,
  • Agus Setiadi

摘要

The post-harvest processing of cacao beans in tropical regions requires efficient, sustainable drying technologies to prevent microbial spoilage and preserve biochemical quality. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive literature review and propose a standardized conceptual framework for photovoltaic–silica-assisted hybrid solar drying systems. By synthesizing existing experimental data on conventional solar, tunnel, freeze, and hybrid drying techniques, this study evaluates the thermodynamic performance and sustainability of integrating solid desiccants. The literature synthesis demonstrates that hybrid solar drying systems, particularly when combined with silica gel desiccants, provide a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for cacao processing. Analyzed data indicate that hybrid configurations can reduce drying time by up to 30–50% compared to open-sun drying, while achieving exergy efficiencies ranging from 59 to over 68% in controlled environments. Furthermore, this paper establishes a robust mathematical framework utilizing response surface methodology via a face-centered central composite design to optimize the desiccant-to-cacao mass ratio and drying air temperature for future implementations.