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<p>Liquid immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution for battery thermal management field due to its high heat dissipation performance, excellent temperature uniformity, and potential to prevent thermal runaway. To optimize the performance of immersion cooling systems under automotive-grade battery module conditions, a numerical model of a 190-cell cylindrical 21,700 lithium-ion battery module was developed and validated. The effects of inlet/outlet configurations, flow rates, inlet temperatures, and battery spacings using electronic fluorinated liquid as the coolant were explored. Among the four inlet/outlet configurations tested, the double inlets and singleoutlet setup performed best. Enhancing the number of inlets improved heat dissipation in the automotive-grade module, whereas increasing the number of outlets showed no such effect. Higher flow rates proved more effective in improving heat dissipation performance than lowering inlet temperatures. Reducing the inlet temperature had a time lag in lowering maximum temperature (<i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) of the module. Battery spacing along the x-axis significantly impacted heat dissipation performance and pressure drop, with an optimal spacing of 5&#xa0;mm identified. In contrast, spacing along the z-axis had minimal effect on heat dissipation and pressure drop. Given the growing demand for fast charging in electric vehicles, the module’s heat dissipation performance was evaluated under 4C high-rate charging conditions. By optimizing coolant flow rates and inlet temperatures, both <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> and maximum temperature difference (Δ<i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) were kept within acceptable limits, demonstrating the module’s robust heat dissipation performance. These results highlight the potential of liquid immersion cooling to meet the stringent thermal requirements of fast-charging applications.</p>

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Investigation on influencing factors and optimization design of thermal performance for automotive-grade liquid immersion cooling of battery modules

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Yongjie Lu,
  • Jialiang Yang,
  • Xilei Wu,
  • Gongran Ye,
  • Xiaohong Han

摘要

Liquid immersion cooling has emerged as a promising solution for battery thermal management field due to its high heat dissipation performance, excellent temperature uniformity, and potential to prevent thermal runaway. To optimize the performance of immersion cooling systems under automotive-grade battery module conditions, a numerical model of a 190-cell cylindrical 21,700 lithium-ion battery module was developed and validated. The effects of inlet/outlet configurations, flow rates, inlet temperatures, and battery spacings using electronic fluorinated liquid as the coolant were explored. Among the four inlet/outlet configurations tested, the double inlets and singleoutlet setup performed best. Enhancing the number of inlets improved heat dissipation in the automotive-grade module, whereas increasing the number of outlets showed no such effect. Higher flow rates proved more effective in improving heat dissipation performance than lowering inlet temperatures. Reducing the inlet temperature had a time lag in lowering maximum temperature (Tmax) of the module. Battery spacing along the x-axis significantly impacted heat dissipation performance and pressure drop, with an optimal spacing of 5 mm identified. In contrast, spacing along the z-axis had minimal effect on heat dissipation and pressure drop. Given the growing demand for fast charging in electric vehicles, the module’s heat dissipation performance was evaluated under 4C high-rate charging conditions. By optimizing coolant flow rates and inlet temperatures, both Tmax and maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) were kept within acceptable limits, demonstrating the module’s robust heat dissipation performance. These results highlight the potential of liquid immersion cooling to meet the stringent thermal requirements of fast-charging applications.