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<p>Calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) seeds, recognized as an efficient accelerator for enhancing early-age hydration and facilitating rapid construction, have attracted considerable attention in cement-based materials. However, their synthesis typically relies on analytical-grade reagents, leading to high production costs. To address this limitation, this study investigated the feasibility of economically synthesizing C-S-H seeds from two agricultural wastes: silicon-rich palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and calcium-rich eggshell powder (ESP). Silicate and calcium species were extracted from POFA and ESP via strong alkaline and acid dissolution, respectively, followed by co-precipitation of C-S-H seeds through controlled mixing of the resulting leachates. The particle size distribution, morphology, phase composition, and microstructure of the synthesized C-S-H seeds were systematically characterized. Besides, the accelerating performance of the seeds was also evaluated by examining setting time, isothermal hydration heat, strength development, phase assemblage, and water absorption of cement pastes with and without seed incorporation. The results demonstrated that microscale C-S-H seeds with an average particle size of 14.2&#xa0;μm were successfully synthesized. Despite their relatively larger particle size compared with commonly reported nanoscale seeds, the synthesized products significantly shortened the setting time and enhanced both early- and late-age compressive strength. Furthermore, the production cost of the agricultural waste-derived C-S-H seeds was reduced by approximately 75%, reaching only 183.30&#xa0;US$/ton. This substantial reduction ensures economic feasibility for large-scale application of C-S-H seeds without significantly increasing the overall cost of cement-based systems. In summary, this work presents a facile and cost-effective strategy for producing C-S-H seeds from agricultural wastes and provides new insights into their role in enhancing the early-age performance of cementitious materials.</p>

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Facile and cost-effective synthesis of C-S-H seeds from recycled agricultural wastes to improve cement hydration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Y. K. Chen,
  • Y. Sun

摘要

Calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) seeds, recognized as an efficient accelerator for enhancing early-age hydration and facilitating rapid construction, have attracted considerable attention in cement-based materials. However, their synthesis typically relies on analytical-grade reagents, leading to high production costs. To address this limitation, this study investigated the feasibility of economically synthesizing C-S-H seeds from two agricultural wastes: silicon-rich palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and calcium-rich eggshell powder (ESP). Silicate and calcium species were extracted from POFA and ESP via strong alkaline and acid dissolution, respectively, followed by co-precipitation of C-S-H seeds through controlled mixing of the resulting leachates. The particle size distribution, morphology, phase composition, and microstructure of the synthesized C-S-H seeds were systematically characterized. Besides, the accelerating performance of the seeds was also evaluated by examining setting time, isothermal hydration heat, strength development, phase assemblage, and water absorption of cement pastes with and without seed incorporation. The results demonstrated that microscale C-S-H seeds with an average particle size of 14.2 μm were successfully synthesized. Despite their relatively larger particle size compared with commonly reported nanoscale seeds, the synthesized products significantly shortened the setting time and enhanced both early- and late-age compressive strength. Furthermore, the production cost of the agricultural waste-derived C-S-H seeds was reduced by approximately 75%, reaching only 183.30 US$/ton. This substantial reduction ensures economic feasibility for large-scale application of C-S-H seeds without significantly increasing the overall cost of cement-based systems. In summary, this work presents a facile and cost-effective strategy for producing C-S-H seeds from agricultural wastes and provides new insights into their role in enhancing the early-age performance of cementitious materials.