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<p>This study presents a comprehensive thermal analysis and experimental investigation of a novel ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) comprising MWCNT, CuO, and TiO₂. The research aims to enhance heat transfer performance by evaluating the thermal conductivity (TC) of the prepared nanofluid across a temperature range of 25–55&#xa0;°C and volume fractions (VF) of 0.2% to 1.4%. Experimental results demonstrate a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity, which increases with both temperature and nanoparticle concentration. The maximum thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE) of 27% was observed at the highest temperature (55&#xa0;°C) and SVF (1.4%), attributable to the synergistic effects of the hybrid nanoparticles and intensified Brownian motion. Furthermore, utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM), a highly accurate statistical model was developed to predict the TC of the THNF. The proposed correlation shows excellent agreement with the experimental data, as validated by a margin of deviation (MOD) in the range of − 0.44% to 0.46%. This confirms the models robustness and reliability for future engineering applications and design optimizations in thermal systems.</p>

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Comprehensive thermal analysis and experimental investigation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid: integrating statistical predictions for enhanced heat transfer performance with MWCNT–CuO–TiO₂ composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Raman Kumar,
  • Mustafa Abdullah,
  • Nofal Adrees Hasan,
  • N. Beemkumar,
  • Abinash Mahapatro,
  • Ashwin Jacob,
  • Arshdeep Singh,
  • Harjot Singh Gill

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive thermal analysis and experimental investigation of a novel ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) comprising MWCNT, CuO, and TiO₂. The research aims to enhance heat transfer performance by evaluating the thermal conductivity (TC) of the prepared nanofluid across a temperature range of 25–55 °C and volume fractions (VF) of 0.2% to 1.4%. Experimental results demonstrate a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity, which increases with both temperature and nanoparticle concentration. The maximum thermal conductivity enhancement (TCE) of 27% was observed at the highest temperature (55 °C) and SVF (1.4%), attributable to the synergistic effects of the hybrid nanoparticles and intensified Brownian motion. Furthermore, utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM), a highly accurate statistical model was developed to predict the TC of the THNF. The proposed correlation shows excellent agreement with the experimental data, as validated by a margin of deviation (MOD) in the range of − 0.44% to 0.46%. This confirms the models robustness and reliability for future engineering applications and design optimizations in thermal systems.