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<p>This study investigates the mechanical, water absorption, and wear behavior of <i>Annona muricata</i> stem fiber and varying concentrations of lignin biopolymer reinforced polyester composites. The primary objective is to enhance fiber–matrix interfacial bonding and overall composite performance through lignin modification. Composites were fabricated with different lignin loadings and evaluated through tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), wear, hardness, and water absorption tests, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Among the tested samples, the PBL3 composite containing 2&#xa0;mass% lignin exhibited the best mechanical performance, achieving tensile, flexural, impact, and ILSS values of 132&#xa0;MPa, 164&#xa0;MPa, 5.82&#xa0;J, and 27.1&#xa0;MPa representing increases of 83.3%, 67.3%, 87.7%, and 20.4% over the unmodified PB composite. The PBL4 composite, with 4&#xa0;mass% lignin, demonstrated superior wear resistance, recording the lowest specific wear rate of 0.014&#xa0;mm<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;Nm<sup>−1</sup>, a coefficient of friction of 0.25, and peak hardness of 87 Shore-D. The lowest water absorption (0.5%) was observed in the PB composite, attributed to the hydrophobic polyester matrix. SEM observations confirmed improved interfacial adhesion and reduced fiber pull-out in lignin-reinforced specimens. Overall, the synergistic effect of lignin and <i>Annona muricata</i> stem fiber-yielded lightweight, durable, and high-strength composites potentially suitable for structural and industrial applications.</p>

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Valorization of finger millet husk waste-derived lignin and Annona muricata stem fiber reinforced polyester composites: mechanical, wear, and water absorption studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Shaik Gulam Abul Hasan,
  • Syed Azharuddin,
  • Aatef uddin Mohammed,
  • Shahed Qureshi Mohammed,
  • Abdul Naseh Khan Mohammed

摘要

This study investigates the mechanical, water absorption, and wear behavior of Annona muricata stem fiber and varying concentrations of lignin biopolymer reinforced polyester composites. The primary objective is to enhance fiber–matrix interfacial bonding and overall composite performance through lignin modification. Composites were fabricated with different lignin loadings and evaluated through tensile, flexural, impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), wear, hardness, and water absorption tests, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Among the tested samples, the PBL3 composite containing 2 mass% lignin exhibited the best mechanical performance, achieving tensile, flexural, impact, and ILSS values of 132 MPa, 164 MPa, 5.82 J, and 27.1 MPa representing increases of 83.3%, 67.3%, 87.7%, and 20.4% over the unmodified PB composite. The PBL4 composite, with 4 mass% lignin, demonstrated superior wear resistance, recording the lowest specific wear rate of 0.014 mm3 Nm−1, a coefficient of friction of 0.25, and peak hardness of 87 Shore-D. The lowest water absorption (0.5%) was observed in the PB composite, attributed to the hydrophobic polyester matrix. SEM observations confirmed improved interfacial adhesion and reduced fiber pull-out in lignin-reinforced specimens. Overall, the synergistic effect of lignin and Annona muricata stem fiber-yielded lightweight, durable, and high-strength composites potentially suitable for structural and industrial applications.