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<p>As the computational density of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms continues to increase, their hardware platforms (such as GPUs and ASICs) face increasingly severe thermal management challenges. Traditional air cooling and liquid cooling technologies using pure fluids as coolants are gradually approaching their thermal dissipation limits, making the search for more efficient cooling technologies an urgent priority. This paper aims to systematically compare and analyze research progress in the cutting-edge field of nanofluids used in microchannel heat sinks for chip liquid cooling. First, this paper introduces the main methods for preparing nanofluids and the risks and challenges associated with their application in microchannels. It proposes strategies for optimizing stability in the face of potential risks and elaborates on the characterization techniques and methods for their key properties. The paper focuses on analyzing the flow and heat transfer performance of different types of nanofluids in various microchannel heat exchangers, and through comparative analysis, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanofluids in engineering applications. Research consistently indicates that the addition of an appropriate amount of nanoparticles can effectively enhance heat transfer and improve the overall efficiency of heat exchangers. Furthermore, this paper explores the application prospects of nanofluids in future microchannels with innovative structures. Combining the superior heat transfer properties of nanofluids with advanced microchannel structural designs represents a promising strategy for synergistically optimizing flow and heat transfer processes across multiple scales. Future research should prioritize the development of high-performance nanofluids with long-term stability, and conduct in-depth studies on the mechanisms of enhanced heat transfer, fluid–structure interaction effects, and long-term operational reliability when these nanofluids are coupled with complex microchannel structures. Addressing these challenges is crucial for advancing the practical engineering applications of this technology in high-efficiency, compact thermal management systems.</p>

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A comprehensive review on the enhancement of heat sink cooling effect in microchannel heat exchangers by nanofluids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Guangxuan Geng,
  • Hailong Yu,
  • Fanjun Tang,
  • Haibo Wang,
  • Chaoqian Wang,
  • Jun Hu

摘要

As the computational density of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms continues to increase, their hardware platforms (such as GPUs and ASICs) face increasingly severe thermal management challenges. Traditional air cooling and liquid cooling technologies using pure fluids as coolants are gradually approaching their thermal dissipation limits, making the search for more efficient cooling technologies an urgent priority. This paper aims to systematically compare and analyze research progress in the cutting-edge field of nanofluids used in microchannel heat sinks for chip liquid cooling. First, this paper introduces the main methods for preparing nanofluids and the risks and challenges associated with their application in microchannels. It proposes strategies for optimizing stability in the face of potential risks and elaborates on the characterization techniques and methods for their key properties. The paper focuses on analyzing the flow and heat transfer performance of different types of nanofluids in various microchannel heat exchangers, and through comparative analysis, identifies the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanofluids in engineering applications. Research consistently indicates that the addition of an appropriate amount of nanoparticles can effectively enhance heat transfer and improve the overall efficiency of heat exchangers. Furthermore, this paper explores the application prospects of nanofluids in future microchannels with innovative structures. Combining the superior heat transfer properties of nanofluids with advanced microchannel structural designs represents a promising strategy for synergistically optimizing flow and heat transfer processes across multiple scales. Future research should prioritize the development of high-performance nanofluids with long-term stability, and conduct in-depth studies on the mechanisms of enhanced heat transfer, fluid–structure interaction effects, and long-term operational reliability when these nanofluids are coupled with complex microchannel structures. Addressing these challenges is crucial for advancing the practical engineering applications of this technology in high-efficiency, compact thermal management systems.