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<p>This study addresses the critical thermal bottleneck in vacuum tube maglev systems, where suppressed convective heat dissipation under rarefied gas conditions causes electromagnet overheating and energy loss. The innovative "multi-scale synergistic heat dissipation architecture of phase change material metal fins" achieves significant improvements in electromagnet heat dissipation performance under ultra-low-pressure environments through the synergy of directional thermal conductivity enhancement of CaCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O/expanded graphite composite phase change material (CPCM) and topologically optimized metal fin design. Three key scientific findings are obtained from this study: (1) Pressure-driven thermal crisis: Pressure reduction causes a temperature increase of 48.7&#xa0;°C in electromagnets (118.1&#xa0;°C at 0.1&#xa0;kPa vs 69.4&#xa0;°C at 101&#xa0;kPa after 60-min operation), attributed to thickened thermal/velocity boundary layers, significantly degrading heat transfer efficiency. This study has also proved that conventional forced convection and radiation heat transfer cannot offer a cooling ability for electromagnet of vacuum tube maglev train in rarefied gas conditions. (2) PCM-fin synergy: A three-dimensional fin array topology optimization algorithm is constructed. Within one hour, the developed PCM metal fin composite system demonstrates superior thermal performance, maintaining operational temperatures below 55.8&#xa0;°C (65.4% reduction) through optimized latent heat storage. (3) System optimization yields dual-energy benefits: 8.02% reduction in electrical consumption and 13.2% improvement in electromagnetic conversion efficiency, achieved through strategic thermal–electromagnetic coupling management. This study provides a highly effective strategy for the thermal management of ultra-high-speed vacuum maglev systems.</p>

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Rarefied gas on thermal performance of electromagnet in vacuum tube maglev train: phase change material cooling optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Yanjun Chen,
  • Chuanlin Zhao,
  • Tianjun Luo,
  • Deqiang He

摘要

This study addresses the critical thermal bottleneck in vacuum tube maglev systems, where suppressed convective heat dissipation under rarefied gas conditions causes electromagnet overheating and energy loss. The innovative "multi-scale synergistic heat dissipation architecture of phase change material metal fins" achieves significant improvements in electromagnet heat dissipation performance under ultra-low-pressure environments through the synergy of directional thermal conductivity enhancement of CaCl2·6H2O/expanded graphite composite phase change material (CPCM) and topologically optimized metal fin design. Three key scientific findings are obtained from this study: (1) Pressure-driven thermal crisis: Pressure reduction causes a temperature increase of 48.7 °C in electromagnets (118.1 °C at 0.1 kPa vs 69.4 °C at 101 kPa after 60-min operation), attributed to thickened thermal/velocity boundary layers, significantly degrading heat transfer efficiency. This study has also proved that conventional forced convection and radiation heat transfer cannot offer a cooling ability for electromagnet of vacuum tube maglev train in rarefied gas conditions. (2) PCM-fin synergy: A three-dimensional fin array topology optimization algorithm is constructed. Within one hour, the developed PCM metal fin composite system demonstrates superior thermal performance, maintaining operational temperatures below 55.8 °C (65.4% reduction) through optimized latent heat storage. (3) System optimization yields dual-energy benefits: 8.02% reduction in electrical consumption and 13.2% improvement in electromagnetic conversion efficiency, achieved through strategic thermal–electromagnetic coupling management. This study provides a highly effective strategy for the thermal management of ultra-high-speed vacuum maglev systems.