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<p>This study experimentally investigates the behavior of under-ventilated pool fires in a reduced-scale model of a heritage chamber representing the Queen’s Room of Chambord Castle. Heptane and hexane pool fires with two pan sizes (16–24&#xa0;cm) were tested under mechanically controlled ventilation rates of 10, 20, and 30 ACPH to examine the influence of ventilation, fuel type, and pool size on compartment fire dynamics. Key parameters, including mass loss rate (MLR), global equivalence ratio (GER), heat release rate (HRR), gas concentrations (O<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO₂, total hydrocarbons, H<sub>2</sub>), gas temperature, and heat fluxes, were systematically analyzed. The results show that higher ventilation enhances MLR, HRR, gas temperature, and CO₂ production, while reducing CO yields and O₂ depletion. Enlarging the pool diameter significantly increases fire intensity and drives the system toward severely under-ventilated regimes. Compared with heptane, hexane exhibits higher MLR and HRR, faster O₂ depletion, and earlier extinction due to its greater volatility. The ignition risk of unburnt gases is assessed through a global approach combining AIT and LFL criteria. While no risk is identified for 16-cm pools, the 24-cm pools at low ventilation develop hazardous conditions. Heptane fire exceeds thresholds for about 150s, and hexane fire has an earlier but shorter risk period. These findings highlight the coupled effects of ventilation, fuel load, and fuel properties on compartment fire dynamics and underline the hazards of unburnt gas accumulation and ignition in heritage buildings.</p>

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Experimental investigation of pool fire behavior and unburnt gas ignition hazards in a reduced-scale model chamber of Chambord Castle

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Ziyuan Chen,
  • Brady Manescau,
  • Khaled Chetehouna,
  • Ilyas Sellami,
  • Antonin Robinet

摘要

This study experimentally investigates the behavior of under-ventilated pool fires in a reduced-scale model of a heritage chamber representing the Queen’s Room of Chambord Castle. Heptane and hexane pool fires with two pan sizes (16–24 cm) were tested under mechanically controlled ventilation rates of 10, 20, and 30 ACPH to examine the influence of ventilation, fuel type, and pool size on compartment fire dynamics. Key parameters, including mass loss rate (MLR), global equivalence ratio (GER), heat release rate (HRR), gas concentrations (O2, CO, CO₂, total hydrocarbons, H2), gas temperature, and heat fluxes, were systematically analyzed. The results show that higher ventilation enhances MLR, HRR, gas temperature, and CO₂ production, while reducing CO yields and O₂ depletion. Enlarging the pool diameter significantly increases fire intensity and drives the system toward severely under-ventilated regimes. Compared with heptane, hexane exhibits higher MLR and HRR, faster O₂ depletion, and earlier extinction due to its greater volatility. The ignition risk of unburnt gases is assessed through a global approach combining AIT and LFL criteria. While no risk is identified for 16-cm pools, the 24-cm pools at low ventilation develop hazardous conditions. Heptane fire exceeds thresholds for about 150s, and hexane fire has an earlier but shorter risk period. These findings highlight the coupled effects of ventilation, fuel load, and fuel properties on compartment fire dynamics and underline the hazards of unburnt gas accumulation and ignition in heritage buildings.