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<p>The present study explores the potential of non-edible Mahua oil <i>(Madhuca indica)</i> as a sustainable feedstock for producing bio-lubricants within a green refinery framework. Bio-lubricants were synthesized via a two-step process comprising transesterification of Mahua oil with methanol to yield fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), followed by esterification with neopentyl glycol (NPG) in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) nanocatalyst derived from waste eggshells. The resulting bio-lubricants exhibited superior thermal stability and enhanced tribological properties while adhering to green chemistry and circular economy principles, thereby reducing dependence on synthetic additives. Further, the study evaluated the impact of key operational parameters, such as temperature, catalyst loading, reaction time, and the molar ratio of FAME to NPG on the efficiency of bio-lubricant production. The results, indicating 2.5% w/w catalyst dosage, 1:7 FAME: NPG molar ratio, and a reaction temperature of 180&#xa0;°C for 5h under vacuum, resulted in a maximum yield of 89.15%. This approach offered a sustainable, efficient route to high-performance bio-lubricants derived from renewable plant oils and waste-based catalysts, advancing environmentally responsible industrial practices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Eggshell-derived calcium oxide nanocatalyst for the production of bio-lubricant from Mahua (Madhuca Indica) oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月1日

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  • Anjani R. K. Gollakota,
  • Amit Kumar Rajak,
  • Prakash Kumar Sarangi,
  • Munagapati Venkata Subbaiah,
  • Chi-Min Shu,
  • Yang Xiao,
  • Jet-Chau Wen

摘要

The present study explores the potential of non-edible Mahua oil (Madhuca indica) as a sustainable feedstock for producing bio-lubricants within a green refinery framework. Bio-lubricants were synthesized via a two-step process comprising transesterification of Mahua oil with methanol to yield fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), followed by esterification with neopentyl glycol (NPG) in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) nanocatalyst derived from waste eggshells. The resulting bio-lubricants exhibited superior thermal stability and enhanced tribological properties while adhering to green chemistry and circular economy principles, thereby reducing dependence on synthetic additives. Further, the study evaluated the impact of key operational parameters, such as temperature, catalyst loading, reaction time, and the molar ratio of FAME to NPG on the efficiency of bio-lubricant production. The results, indicating 2.5% w/w catalyst dosage, 1:7 FAME: NPG molar ratio, and a reaction temperature of 180 °C for 5h under vacuum, resulted in a maximum yield of 89.15%. This approach offered a sustainable, efficient route to high-performance bio-lubricants derived from renewable plant oils and waste-based catalysts, advancing environmentally responsible industrial practices.

Graphical abstract