<p>In extremely cold climates, multilayered clothing systems are essential for maintaining both physiological comfort and thermal protection. The principles, components, and performance traits of multilayered clothing are thoroughly examined in this review, with a focus on breathability, moisture management, and thermal insulation. Wearer safety and comfort are directly impacted by the way the base, mid, and outer layers of fabric interact to determine overall heat retention and vapor transmission. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of fiber composition, fabric structure, and cutting-edge material technologies such as phase-change materials (PCMs), aerogels, and sophisticated nonwovens. The efficiency of multilayered ensembles in dynamic activity-based and environmental settings is also examined. The results emphasize the need to optimize layer combinations in order to reduce heat loss and cold stress by striking a balance between moisture regulation and thermal insulation. Incorporating current developments in textile engineering and human thermoregulation research, this review offers a scientific basis for creating high-performance cold weather clothing.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>The numerous effects on thermophysiological comfort in multilayered garment systems in cold weather are depicted in this illustration. The heat and moisture balance at the skin–clothing–environment interface is determined by the interaction of important external environmental factors like air temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed, as well as clothing properties (air permeability, moisture management, and thermal insulation) and human physiological activity.</p> <p>In order to maximize the performance of cold weather clothing, the Figure highlights the dynamic interaction between human factors, clothing systems, and environmental stressors.</p>