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<p>This experimental study evaluates the influence of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) induction on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emission behavior of a compression-ignition engine operated using nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. The renewable fuel base was derived from post-consumer cooking oil (B20), and modified with 75&#xa0;ppm of surface-engineered chromium oxide (Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles. NH<sub>3</sub> was inducted at varying flow rates ranging from 5 to 15&#xa0;l/min. Key parameters analyzed included brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), air–fuel ratio, NH<sub>3</sub> energy share, cylinder pressure (CP), net heat release rate (NHRR), and emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and smoke opacity. Results indicated that NH<sub>3</sub> enrichment alone reduced combustion efficiency and BTE, while increasing BSFC. However, the combined use of NH<sub>3</sub> and nanoparticles led to enhanced combustion, with CP and NHRR improving by 3.39% and 14.63%, respectively. BSFC decreased by 3.23%, and BTE showed a slight increase. Emission levels significantly improved with the NH<sub>3</sub>-NP synergy, with CO, UHC, and smoke opacity reduced by 96.84%, 33.7%, and 33.72%, respectively. Although NO<sub>x</sub> initially increased with NH<sub>3</sub> induction, nanoparticle addition mitigated this rise, resulting in a 6.10% reduction. CO<sub>2</sub> emissions also declined by 6.64% compared to diesel.</p>

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Experimental investigation of gaseous ammonia and nanoparticle-doped third-generation biodiesel in diesel engine operation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Siva Ram Gorli,
  • Rajeswara Reddy Resapu,
  • Jaikumar Sagari,
  • Srinivas Vadapalli

摘要

This experimental study evaluates the influence of ammonia (NH3) induction on the performance, combustion characteristics, and emission behavior of a compression-ignition engine operated using nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. The renewable fuel base was derived from post-consumer cooking oil (B20), and modified with 75 ppm of surface-engineered chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles. NH3 was inducted at varying flow rates ranging from 5 to 15 l/min. Key parameters analyzed included brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), air–fuel ratio, NH3 energy share, cylinder pressure (CP), net heat release rate (NHRR), and emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and smoke opacity. Results indicated that NH3 enrichment alone reduced combustion efficiency and BTE, while increasing BSFC. However, the combined use of NH3 and nanoparticles led to enhanced combustion, with CP and NHRR improving by 3.39% and 14.63%, respectively. BSFC decreased by 3.23%, and BTE showed a slight increase. Emission levels significantly improved with the NH3-NP synergy, with CO, UHC, and smoke opacity reduced by 96.84%, 33.7%, and 33.72%, respectively. Although NOx initially increased with NH3 induction, nanoparticle addition mitigated this rise, resulting in a 6.10% reduction. CO2 emissions also declined by 6.64% compared to diesel.