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<p>The growing use of electric vehicles (EV) in the fight against the escalating level of greenhouse gas emissions represents the importance of proper and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) to guarantee the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries and their durability in changing real-world conditions. This study aims to design and test a hybrid BTMS that combines the liquid cooling and forced air cooling to overcome the issue of thermal instability in different driving conditions. The methodology utilizes a MATLAB/Simulink—Simscape physical-network model of a hybrid liquid–air BTMS, which was simulated over a 2500-s aggressive driving cycle via a variable-step ode45 solver and the Simscape local f(x) = 0 nonlinear solver. Significant new discoveries include the fact that aggressive driving conditions cause battery temperatures, and refrigerant power consumption to rise by up to 33.3%, whereas when ethylene glycol–water mixtures of various volume fractions are tested the 50% EG mixture offers the lowest refrigerant power consumption, compared to the 10% EG situation, and yet offers great temperature uniformity and transient response of the hybrid liquid–air system. This hybrid architecture provides high-precision temperature control and uses low energy overhead, which will offer viable insights into the future development of sustainable EV thermal management and the overall long-term battery life.</p>

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Dynamic performance assessment of a hybrid BTMS in electric vehicles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Nishant Negi,
  • Veena Sharma,
  • Sanjeeta

摘要

The growing use of electric vehicles (EV) in the fight against the escalating level of greenhouse gas emissions represents the importance of proper and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) to guarantee the safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries and their durability in changing real-world conditions. This study aims to design and test a hybrid BTMS that combines the liquid cooling and forced air cooling to overcome the issue of thermal instability in different driving conditions. The methodology utilizes a MATLAB/Simulink—Simscape physical-network model of a hybrid liquid–air BTMS, which was simulated over a 2500-s aggressive driving cycle via a variable-step ode45 solver and the Simscape local f(x) = 0 nonlinear solver. Significant new discoveries include the fact that aggressive driving conditions cause battery temperatures, and refrigerant power consumption to rise by up to 33.3%, whereas when ethylene glycol–water mixtures of various volume fractions are tested the 50% EG mixture offers the lowest refrigerant power consumption, compared to the 10% EG situation, and yet offers great temperature uniformity and transient response of the hybrid liquid–air system. This hybrid architecture provides high-precision temperature control and uses low energy overhead, which will offer viable insights into the future development of sustainable EV thermal management and the overall long-term battery life.